The particle _to_ is placed before verbs of understanding, believing, and hearing, takes the place of the verb 'to be,' and means 'that'; _fito to zonjita_ 'I thought, or believed that he was a man,' _qixó vo jennin to vomovô ca?_ [_qixo_ ... _vomovǒ ca?_] 'shall I believe that you are a saint?' _Amata no fito xini no fonovo ni moiuru vo misaxerareô_ (20)[178] 'you {170} will see many men burning in the flames of indignation.' Here one has replaced _to_ with _moiuru vo_, which is a substitute verb. When _mo_ is added to _to_ it strongly affirms what is said; e.g., _mairó to mo_ 'I shall certainly go, or I will be going.' The particle _to_, in the first meaning, is sometimes replaced by _iǒni_; e.g., _agueta iǒni gozaru_ 'they say that he offered it,' _ica iǒna fito to va xiranu_ 'I did not know what kind of a man he was.' Sometimes the substantive verb takes the place of the particle _to_; e.g., _mairó de gozatta_ 'he said that he would come,' _xô de va naqeredomo_ 'although I did not say that I would do it.' _Qiuzo core vo mite, ima vo saigo no coto de areba_ (97)[179] 'seeing this, Kiso believed that the hour of death was present, etc.' Here the substantive verb replaces _to_ and serves as an active verb governing the accusative _ima vo_, which also replaces _to_. The particles _sǒna_ and _guena_ mean 'it seems.' _Sǒna_ is added to the roots of verbs; e.g., _deqi_ (63 _sǒna_ 'it seems that it is finished.' If a substantive verb is placed after this particle the _a_ is changed to _i_; e.g., _deqi sǒni gozaru_ 'it seems that he will finish,' _deqi sǒni mo zonjenu_ 'I believe that it will not be finished.'[180] _Sǒna_ is also added to adjectives in _i_, and when it is the _i_ is lost; e.g., _io sǒna_ 'it seems good, or it seems that it is good,' _xigue sǒna_ 'it seems dense,' and _aiau sǒna_ 'it seems that I am in danger.' If this particle is added to adjectives in _na_, the _na_ is lost; e.g., _aqiraca sǒna_ 'it seems that it is clear.' The particle _guena_ is added to the nouns and verbs previously formed; e.g., _maitta guena_ 'I believe that he has come.' If a substantive verb is added to this particle the _a_ changes to _i_; e.g., _maitta gueni gozaru_ 'I believe that he has come.' _Sǒna_ means 'it seems,' and _guena_ means 'I believe,' but either of these forms may occasionally be used in any of the examples given. When a sentence has two preterits, the first may be in the preterit and the second in the future; e.g., _qesa cara sǒ vôxerareta raba mo faia de maraxô_ 'If you would have said that this morning, I would have already left.' When reporting what someone else has said, it is said this way; {171} _Padre mósaruru va: iagate sonata ie mairó to mǒsaruru_ 'the priest said that he was going to come.' Sometimes when one is excusing himself he will use _no_ in place of _to_; e.g., _asu no, raiguat no, nando to noburu na_ 'don't spread around that it is tomorrow, next month, or whenever.'