cultivation which are so necessary to the best interests of the cultivator, the most productive use of the land, and therefore the welfare of society. On the other hand, the limitations on the right of private ownership which have been established in so many places and times in favour of those who were not owners, show that men have very generally looked upon land as in some measure the inheritance of all the people. Hence arises the presumption that this conviction is but the reflection of fundamental and permanent human needs. Summing up the matter, we may say that the history of land tenure points on the whole to the conclusion that private ownership is socially and individually preferable to agrarian communism, but that it should be somewhat strictly limited in the interest of the non-owners, and of the community as a whole. FOOTNOTES: [1] The most notable exponents of this view were: Von Maurer, "Einleitung zur Geschichte der Mark," 1854; Viollet, "Bibliotheque de l'école des chartres," 1872; Maine, "Village Communities in the East and the West," 1872; and De Laveleye, "De la propriété et ses formes primitives," 1874, of which an English translation appeared in 1878 under the title, "Primitive Property." [2] Chief among these writers are: Fustel de Coulanges in an article in "Revue des Questions Historiques," April, 1889; translated by Margaret Ashley, and published with an introductory chapter by W. J. Ashley under the title, "The Origin of Property in Land," 1891; G. Von Below, "Beilage zur Allgemeine Zeitung: Das kurze Leben einer vielgenannten Theorie," 1903; F. Seebohm, "The Village Community," 1883. Cf. Whittaker, "Ownership, Tenure, and Taxation of Land," 1914, ch. ii; Cathrein, "Das Privatgrundeigenthum und seine Gegner," 1909; and Pesch, "Lehrbuch der Nationaloekonomie," I, 183-188. [3] Quoted in Whittaker, op. cit., pp. 27, 28. [4] Idem, p. 29. [5] Cf. P. W. Joyce, "A Social History of Ancient Ireland," 1903; and Letourneau, "Property: Its Origin and Development," 1896. [6] Whittaker, op. cit., pp. 30, 31. [7] Leviticus xxv, 23-28. CHAPTER III THE ARGUMENTS AGAINST PRIVATE LANDOWNERSHIP If land were not privately owned there would be no receiving of rent by individuals. Therefore, the morality of the landlord's share of the national product is intimately related to, and is usually treated in connection with, the morality of private ownership.