[6] Fielding H. Garrison (_An Introduction of the History of Medicine_, ed. 4, rev., Philadelphia, 1929, p. 132), states, in reference to "Sudhoff and others," that many drawings earlier than those of al-Zahrāwī have been discovered in medieval manuscripts. However, Garrison overlooked the fact that al-Zahrāwī’s surgical illustrations were mainly depicted for instructional purposes--a unique approach. It should be noted also that al-Zahrāwī died almost a century earlier than Garrison thought. See also Martin S. Spink, "Arabian Gynaecological, Obstetrical and Genito-Urinary Practice Illustrated from Albucasis," _Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine_, 1937, vol. 30, p. 654. [7] Johannis Channing, _Albucasis de Chirurgia. Arabice et Latine_, Oxford, 1778, 2 vols. (hereinafter referred to as Channing, _Albucasis_). The text has many errors in spelling and grammar, but Leclerc went too far in criticizing this edition, which has many merits. Moreover, the surgical illustrations (reproduced from the Huntington and Marsh manuscripts of the Bodleian Library) in Channing’s edition are of special interest. [8] Lucien Leclerc, _La Chirurgie d’Abulcasis_, Paris, 1861 (hereinafter referred to as Leclerc, _Abulcasis_). This excellent French version was first published in a series of articles in _Gazette Médicale de l’Algérie_, and seems influenced by Channing’s edition more than Leclerc admits. Leclerc consulted several Arabic copies of the treatise as well as Latin and vernacular translations, but only a few of these Arabic manuscripts are considered complete. The Arabic manuscripts studied for the present article are not the same as those used by Leclerc. See also Leclerc’s monumental work, _Histoire de la Médecine Arabe_, Paris, 1876, vol. 1, pp. 453-457. [9] Ernst Gurlt, _Geschichte der Chirurgie und ihrer Ausübung Volkschirurgie-Alterthum-Mittelalter-Renaissance_, Berlin, 1898, vol. 1, pp. 620-649, with more than 100 figures. In the text and illustrations, Gurlt relied upon Leclerc’s translation and modified drawings of the surgical instruments; nevertheless, he presents a brief, systematic study--probably the best so far--of the entire treatise. [10] Karl Sudhoff, _Beiträge zur Geschichte der Chirurgie im Mittelalter_, Leipzig, 1918 (hereinafter referred to as Sudhoff, _Chirurgie_), vol. 2, pp. 16-84, with a few plates. Although Sudhoff consulted the fragmentary Arabic manuscript indexed as "Cod. Arab. 1989" in Gotha, Germany, he relied mainly upon Latin versions of the treatise and the illustrations contained in them. [11] See Leclerc, _Abulcasis_, in introduction.