[12] The seven Arabic manuscripts are indexed as "Berlin MS. Or. fol. 91," temporarily at Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, in Germany; "Escorial MS. Arabe No. 876," at Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo el Real de El Escorial, in Spain; "Wien MS. Cod. N.F. 476 A.," at Oesterreichische Nationalbibliothek, in Vienna; and "Ali Emiri Arabi No. 2854," "Beşir Ağa Nos. 502 and 503," and "Veliyyudin No. 2491," all at Süleymaniye Umumi Kütüphanesi Müdürlüğü, in Istanbul. Hereinafter these manuscripts are referred to, respectively, as Tüb. MS. 91; Esc. 876; Wien 476 A; Ali 2854; Bes. 502; Bes. 503; and Vel. 2491. The Smithsonian Institution recently obtained a microfilm copy of Bankipore Manuscript No. 17 from the Khuda Bakhsh O. P. Library, Patna (Bihar), India. This manuscript, containing only the 30th treatise of _al-Taṣrīf_, was copied in 1189; therefore, it is the earliest dated Arabic manuscript of the surgical treatise known to exist. The surgical illustrations therein add weight to the belief that the Arabic manuscripts show more originality in the drawings than do the later copied versions, which often were inaccurate and possibly distorted. About ten other illustrations from the Arabic manuscript in Istanbul indexed as "Topkapi MS. No. 1990" (which contains 215 beautifully illustrated figures) were presented by A. S. Ünver and Hüseyin Usman in an extract titled "Meşhur Arab Cerrahi Elbülkasimi Zehravi ve onum Kitabül Cerrahiyesi," Istanbul, 1935. See also Ünver, _Şerefeddin Sabuncuoğlu: Kitabül Cerrahiyei Illhaniye_, Istanbul, 1939, pp. [5]-7. [13] See introduction to the treatise; for example, Bes. 502, fol. 522v-523v and Vel. 2491, fol. 104r-105v. See also K. P. J. Sprengel, _Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte der Arzneikunde_, Halle, 1823, vol. 2, pp. 449-451. George J. Fisher, in "Abul-Casem Chalaf Ibn Abbas al-Zahrāwī, Commonly Called Albucasis," _Annals of Anatomy and Surgery_, July-December, 1883, vol. 8, pp. 24-25, gives a translation of only the first part of the introduction. [14] There are 56 chapters listed in almost all manuscripts and commentary works I checked except Tüb. MS. 91 and Esc. 876, where only 55 chapters are listed. [15] Al-Zahrāwī mentions several caustic medicines used in cautery, among which are garlic, mustard, melted lead, slaked or unslaked lime with or without "common" soap, Thapsia (_Ruta graveolens_ Linn.), and juice of the Oriental cashew nut (_Senecarpus anacardium_ Linn.). [16] Vel. 2491, fol. 106; Bes. 502, fol. 523r-524v.