[17] Al-Zahrāwī criticizes those who interpret the saying "cautery is the end of treatment" to mean that cauterization is the best and only conclusive treatment at the physician’s disposal. He points out that other treatments, such as drugs, should be resorted to first, and used until they prove of no avail; and he states that only after cautery proves to be the cure should it be considered the completion of medical treatment--"al-kay ākhir al-ṭibb." See Vel. 2491, fol. 106; and Bes. 502, fol. 524r-525v. [18] For healing, soothing, or emollient purposes, al-Zahwārī suggested medications, such as egg white, salt water (normal saline), sap of psyllium, several ointments, "duhn" of rose, and other "adhān" (plural of "duhn," the fatty or oily essences extracted from various substances through pharmaceutical processes). [19] For a more accurate estimate of the equivalence of "dirham" according to the area in which the measurement was taken, the reader may consult Walter Hinz, _Islamische Masse und Gewichte umgerechnet ins metrische System_, Leiden, 1955, pt. 1, pp. 2-8; and George C. Miles, _Early Arabic Glass Weights and Stamps_, New York, 1948, p. 6. [20] The contents of several manuscripts (such as Ali 2854, Wien 476 A, Bes. 503, and Tüb. MS. 91) give different numbers. [21] See, for example, Tüb. MS. 91, fol. 45v; and Bes. 502, fol. 530v. [22] Sudhoff, _op. cit._ (footnote 10), p. 29, fig. 6. [23] For a more detailed and interesting discussion with beautiful illustrations included, the reader may consult Ch. Niel, "La Chirurgie Dentaire D’Abulcasis Comparée a celle des Maures du Trarza," _Revue de Stematologie_, April 1911, vol. 18, pp. [169]-180 and 222-229. [24] It is regrettable that Franz Rosenthal in his fine article "Bibliographical Notes on Medieval Muslim Dentistry" (_Bulletin of the History of Medicine_, 1960, vol. 34, pp. 52-60) failed to refer to this or any other section of al-Zahrāwī’s work. [25] Bes. 502, fol. 538. See also Channing, _Albucasis_, pp. 206-208. For the identification of the drugs and their botanical origins the author of the present paper consulted H. P. J. Renaud and Georges S. Colin, _Tuḥfat al-Aḥbāb, Glossaire de la Matière Médicale Marocaine_, Paris, 1934, pp. 133, 143, 193-194, and Max Meyerhof, _Un Glossaire de Matière Médicale Composé par Maimonide_, Cairo, 1940, pp. 168-169. [26] Tüb. MS. 91, fol. 99v. [27] Dragon’s blood is a resin obtained from the scales covering the surface of the ripe fruits of "_Daemonorops draco Blume_" (Heber W. Youngken, _Textbook of Pharmacognosy_, ed. 6, Philadelphia, 1948, p. 175). See also Renaud and Colin, _op. cit._ (footnote 25), pp. 54-55.