XIX THE PAPACY AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE, 962-1273 A.D. 159. Characteristics of the Medieval Church 160. Church Doctrine and Worship 161. Church Jurisdiction 162. The Secular Clergy 163. The Regular Clergy 164. The Friars 165. Power of the Papacy 166. Popes and Emperors, 962-1122 A.D. 167. Popes and Emperors, 1122-1273 A.D. 168. Significance of the Medieval Church XX. THE OCCIDENT AGAINST THE ORIENT, THE CRUSADES, 1095-1291 A.D. 169. Causes of the Crusades 170. First Crusade, 1095-1099 A.D. 171. Crusaders' States in Syria 172. Second Crusade, 1147-1149 A.D., and Third Crusade, 1189-1192 A.D. 173. Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1202-1261 A.D. 174. Results of the Crusades XXI THE MONGOLS AND THE OTTOMAN TURKS TO 1453 A.D. 175. The Mongols 176. Conquests of the Mongols, 1206-1405 A.D. 177. The Mongols in China and India 178. The Mongols in Eastern Europe 179. The Ottoman Turks and their Conquests, 1227-1453 A.D. 180. The Ottoman Turks in Southeastern Europe XXII. EUROPEAN NATIONS DURING THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 181. Growth of the Nations 182. England under William the Conqueror, 1066-1087 A.D., the Norman Kingship 183. England under Henry II, 1154-1189 A.D., Royal Justice and the Common Law 184. The Great Charter, 1215 A.D. 185. Parliament during the Thirteenth Century 186. Expansion of England under Edward I, 1272-1307 A.D. 187. Unification of France, 987-1328 A.D. 188. The Hundred Years' War between England and France, 1337-1453 A.D. 189. The Unification of Spain (to 1492 A.D.) 190. Austria and the Swiss Confederation, 1273-1499 A.D. 191. Expansion of Germany XXIII. EUROPEAN CITIES DURING THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 192. Growth of the Cities 193. City Life 194. Civic Industry--the Guilds 195. Trade and Commerce 196. Money and Banking 197. Italian Cities 198. German Cities, the Hanseatic League 199. The Cities of Flanders XXIV. MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION 200. Formation of National Languages 201. Development of National Literatures 202. Romanesque and Gothic Architecture, the Cathedrals 203. Education, the Universities 204. Scholasticism 205. Science and Magic 206. Popular Superstitions 207. Popular Amusements and Festivals 208. Manners and Customs XXV. THE RENAISSANCE 209. Meaning of the Renaissance 210. Revival of Learning in Italy 211. Paper and Printing 212. Revival of Art in Italy 213. Revival of Learning and Art beyond Italy 214. The Renaissance in Literature 215. The Renaissance in Education 216. The Scientific Renaissance 217. The Economic Renaissance XXVI. GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY AND COLONIZATION