Not far off is to be placed another sub-family, that of the Octochaetinae, which is New Zealand and Indian in range, the intermediate countries being, strange to say, not populated by this race of Oligochaeta. The group contains several genera of which _Octochaetus_, _Eutyphoeus_, and _Dinodrilus_ are the best known. All these worms agree in the main features of their anatomy with _Notiodrilus_; but they have diverged in different directions. Thus in _Octochaetus_ the typical two pairs of gonads and glands belonging to the generative system have been retained, while the nephridial system consists of micronephridia; in _Eutyphoeus_, one pair of spermiducal glands has disappeared, and as a general rule the species of this genus have only one pair of spermaries and the corresponding pair of sperm ducts. They are close to _Octochaetus_. The third genus mentioned, _Dinodrilus_, is a New Zealand form specialised in possessing 12 setae in each segment. Otherwise it is not far removed from _Octochaetus_. [Illustration: Fig. 8. Ventral view of _Eutyphoeus masoni_. _p_ papillae, [M] male pores, [F] oviduct pores. (x 3.)] A fifth sub-family is also easily referable to the type whose structure has been dealt with as a preliminary to the present survey. That sub-family is the Ocnerodrilinae which is American and African in range. These worms are somewhat degenerate in comparison with their allies. Thus the calciferous glands are reduced to a single pair or to a single gland in the IXth segment, the nephridia though regular and paired have no covering plexus of blood vessels, and the worms themselves are slender and delicate, being indeed often aquatic in habit. The spermiducal glands, which are as in the former sub-families independent of the sperm ducts though sometimes opening in common with them into a short pocket-like ingrowth of the skin, are reduced in their minute structure and much simpler than in the other types. The genus _Kerria_ is the least reduced perhaps. It has the male pores on segment XVIII with a pair of spermiducal glands on the segments preceding and following this in the typical Acanthodriline fashion. There are two pairs of spermathecae in VIII and IX, but the spermaries are reduced to one pair in X. The gizzard is present. OCNERODRILUS is a little further reduced from this last. The gizzard has gone; there is but one pair of spermiducal glands (as a rule) opening in common with the extremity of the male duct on to segment XVII; the spermathecae also are reduced to one pair, but there are two pairs of spermaries. The African _Nannodrilus_ is more robustly built. There are two gizzards, the male duct opens into a muscular pouch, into which also open one of the two or three pairs of spermiducal glands. There are two or three other genera and sub-genera not showing any great divergencies from the range of structure indicated in briefly defining those enumerated above.