Step 2. Straighten victim's head and tilt back so that chin points up. Push or pull his jaw up into jutting out position to keep his tongue from blocking air passage. This position is essential for keeping the air passage open throughout the procedure. [Illustration: Push Jaw Up] [Illustration: Pinch Nostrils] Step 3. Take a deep breath, place your mouth tightly over victim's mouth, and pinch nostrils closed to prevent air leakage. For a baby, cover both nose and mouth tightly with your mouth. (Breathing through handkerchief or cloth placed over victim's mouth or nose will not greatly affect the exchange of air.) [Illustration: Breathe] Step 4. Breathe into victim's mouth or nose until you see his chest rise. (Air may be blown through victim's teeth, even though they may be clenched.) Step 5. Remove your mouth and listen for the sound of returning air. If there is no air exchange, recheck jaw and head position. If you still do not get air exchange, turn victim on side and slap him on back between shoulder blades to dislodge matter that may be in throat. Again, wipe his mouth to remove foreign matter. Step 6. Repeat breathing, removing mouth each time to allow air to escape. For an adult, breathe about 12 times per minute. For a child, take relatively shallow breaths, about 20 per minute. Continue until victim breathes for himself. What Did You Learn? True or False 1. A broken arm should be splinted before artificial respiration is applied to a victim who is not breathing. 2. A person who has been severely shocked with an electric current should lie down. 3. A doctor should be called even though you successfully have revived a victim's breathing. 4. A fraction of an ampere through the human heart muscles can be fatal. 5. A copper wire would provide a better path than your body for stray currents, therefore all appliances should be grounded if possible. 6. Outside wires are never a hazard because they are covered with insulation when they are installed. 7. Cords need not be repaired until you can see bare wires. 8. Tuning in an AC radio while you are bathing is always dangerous, even though your hands are dry. 9. In an emergency, a broom is an acceptable tool for prying a victim off a high tension wire. 10. In mouth-to-mouth breathing, an adult's lungs should be filled 12 times per minute and a child's 20. Demonstrations You Can Give Show how to deal with an electrical first aid "problem" given to you by your leader. For More Information Ask your leader to have a first aid expert put on a demonstration. (Many industrial plants and power suppliers have such people.) LESSON NO. B-12 Credit Points 3 HOW ELECTRICITY HEATS In ancient times, people thought that heat was a material just as air is. They called it "caloric". When something got warm, they said, caloric flowed into it. When something cooled off, caloric flowed out of it. It did not bother them that they could not see caloric. They could not see air either!