Elements of metaphysicsTaylor, A. E. (Alfred Edward)
Philosophy
Elements of metaphysics
Taylor, A. E. (Alfred Edward)
Metaphysics
This is still more palpably the case with the lower forms of organic
life. Not to speak of the well-known puzzles which arise when we seek to
determine whether a creature which is a colony of largely independent
cells is one animal or many, our difficulties begin as soon as we have
to deal with any type of life below the most fully self-conscious. We
can say, to some extent, that a human character is one so long as it is
the conscious expression of systematic purpose, but it is less easy to
say in what sense we call an animal’s conscious life one. The absence of
anything like systematic unity of aim and interest from the life of
animal impulse makes it appear, at least at first sight, more reasonable
to speak of it as a bundle or collection of distinct impulses and
instincts rather than as one.[75] If, in spite of this, we still
habitually speak and think of the particular higher animal as _one_
rather than many, the reason no doubt is that we tacitly ascribe to it
something like the conscious unity of interest which we find in our own
mental life, though with a diminished clearness.
When we come to the inanimate world, it seems to become purely a matter
of our own subjective interest what we shall call one thing and what we
shall call many. That is one which may be regarded as acting as one
whole in respect of its bearing upon any interest of ours; that many
which, in respect of our interests, does not behave as a whole. Thus,
except where we are dealing with forms of life to which we can with more
or less plausibility ascribe some degree of conscious unity of aim and
interest, there seems no valid reason for drawing the line between
different things in one place rather than in another, except reasons of
convenience. It is important to bear this in mind in applying our
idealistic theory of existence to the case of the inanimate world. If
the foundations of the idealistic theory are sound, every real existence
must be a finite individual experience of some order of individuality,
and this must of course hold good of that part of existence which
appears to us as the inanimate world. The inanimate world must be—as we
shall see more fully in the succeeding book—a system of individual
experiences, which appears to us lifeless and purposeless merely because
the kind of life it possesses is too far removed from our own for us to
recognise it. But we must most carefully observe that the line of
demarcation between the different individual experiences which
constitute the reality of that world need not in the least coincide
everywhere with the line which we, for purposes of our own, draw between
different things.
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