Elements of metaphysicsTaylor, A. E. (Alfred Edward)
Philosophy
Elements of metaphysics
Taylor, A. E. (Alfred Edward)
Metaphysics
If we ask how the causal postulate, being as it must be only imperfectly
true, comes to be made, the answer is obvious. The whole conception is
anthropomorphic in origin, and owes its existence to our practical
needs. To take the latter point first, logically there is no better
reason for treating an event as determined solely by antecedents, than
for treating it as solely determined by subsequent events. Yet when the
latter supposition is made, as it is by all believers in omens and
presages, we all agree to condemn it as superstitious. Why is this? Two
reasons may be assigned. (_a_) Even granting that an event may be
determined by subsequent events, yet, as _we_ do not know what these
events are until after their occurrence, we should have no means of
inferring by _what_ particular events yet to come any present event was
conditioned, and thus should be thrown back upon mere unprincipled
guess-work if we attempted to assign its, as yet future, conditions.
(_b_) A more important consideration is that our search for causes is
ultimately derived from the search for _means_ to the practical
realisation of results in which we are interested. We desire to know the
conditions of occurrences primarily, in order to produce those
occurrences for ourselves by setting up their conditions. It is
therefore essential to us for our practical purposes to seek the
conditions of an occurrence exclusively among its antecedents, and the
causal postulate which asserts that the complete conditions of the event
are comprised somewhere in the series of antecedent events is thus the
intellectual expression of the demand made by our practical needs upon
Reality. We postulate it because, unless the postulate is approximately
realised, we cannot intervene with success in the course of events. We
refuse, except as a pure speculation, to entertain the notion that an
event may be determined by subsequent as well as by antecedent events,
because that notion leads to no practical rules for operation upon our
environment.
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