Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany: For High Schools and Elementary College CoursesCampbell, Douglas Houghton
Science
Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany: For High Schools and Elementary College Courses
Campbell, Douglas Houghton
Botany -- Textbooks
The other plants likely to be met with by the student belong either to
the _Verbenaceæ_, represented by the showy verbenas of the gardens,
and our much less showy wild vervains, also belonging to the genus
_Verbena_ (Fig. 121, _E_); or to the plantain family (_Plantagineæ_),
of which the various species of plantain (_Plantago_) are familiar to
every one (Fig. 121, _G_, _I_). The latter seem to be forms in which
the flowers have become inconspicuous, and are wind fertilized, while
probably all of its showy-flowered relatives are dependent on insects
for fertilization.
The third order (_Contortæ_) of the _Anisocarpæ_ includes five
families, all represented by familiar forms. The first, the olive
family (_Oleaceæ_), besides the olive, contains the lilac and jasmine
among cultivated plants, and the various species of ash (_Fraxinus_),
and the pretty fringe-tree (_Chionanthus_) (Fig. 122, _A_), often
cultivated for its abundant white flowers. The other families are the
_Gentianaceæ_ including the true gentians (_Gentiana_) (Fig. 122,
_F_), the buck-bean (_Menyanthes_), the centauries (_Erythræa_ and
_Sabbatia_), and several other less familiar genera; _Loganiaceæ_,
with the pink-root (_Spigelia_) (Fig. 122, _D_), as the best-known
example; _Apocynaceæ_ including the dog-bane (_Apocynum_) (Fig. 122,
_H_), and in the gardens the oleander and periwinkle (_Vinca_).
[Illustration: FIG. 122.--_Anisocarpous sympetalæ_ (_Contortæ_). _A_,
flower of fringe-tree, _Chionanthus_ (_Oleaceæ_), × 1. _B_, base of
the flower, with part of the calyx and corolla removed, × 2. _C_,
fruit of white ash, _Fraxinus_ (_Oleaceæ_), × 1. _D_, flower of
pink-root, _Spigelia_ (_Loganiaceæ_), × ½. _E_, cross-section of the
ovary, × 3. _F_, flower of fringed gentian, _Gentiana_ (_Gentianaceæ_),
× ½. _G_, diagram of the flower. _H_, flowering branch of dog-bane,
_Apocynum_ (_Apocynaceæ_), × ½. _I_, vertical section of a flower,
× 2. _J_, bud. _K_, flower of milk-weed, _Asclepias_ (_Asclepiadaceæ_),
× 1. _L_, vertical section through the upper part of the flower, × 2.
_gy._ pistil. _p_, pollen masses. _an._ stamen. _M_, a pair of pollen
masses, × 6. _N_, a nearly ripe seed, × 1.]
The last family is the milk-weeds (_Asclepiadaceæ_), which have
extremely complicated flowers. Our numerous milk-weeds (Fig. 122, _K_)
are familiar representatives, and exhibit perfectly the peculiarities
of the family. Like the dog-banes, the plants contain a milky juice
which is often poisonous. Besides the true milk-weeds (_Asclepias_),
there are several other genera within the United States, but mostly
southern in their distribution. Many of them are twining plants and
occasionally cultivated for their showy flowers. Of the cultivated
forms, the wax-plant (_Hoya_), and _Physianthus_ are the commonest.
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