SWEDENBORG brought forward still more cases, so incomplete, however, that it is not worth while to repeat them here. But he had at hand a very large number of cases, as he says: ›phalanges observationum idem testificantium› (Œc. R. A. No. 154), or, as he says in another place, so many that a bare enumeration of them would fill two whole pages (Œc. R. A. II., 154). SWEDENBORG had made a specially careful study of a great many _cases of apoplexy_ and _hemiplegy_, which naturally, in so far as they affected the cortex, gave him direct guidance in judging of its function. And he also understood very well how to judge at the same time with regard to the importance of bleedings in the soft membrane of the brain, the pia mater, on and between the convolutions of the brain, the ›gyri›, and the pressure that these exercise upon the cortex, and the results of prevented circulation in cases of apoplexy. For in all these cases, he says, the transmission of blood to the cortex is checked, and by this the cortex was disturbed in its function, and this was the cause of the loss of sensation and of the paralysis. (Œc. R. A., III., No. 411 and III., No. 413; see also ›The Brain›, No. 89). But SWEDENBORG had also directed his attention to that method of investigation which, to the brain physiologists of the present day, is the best aid for the examination of the motor functions of the cerebral cortex, namely, _experiments on animals_. He quotes such experiments, in which _incisions_ had been made into the cortex ›just to the marrow›, as it is expressed, (›usque ad substantiam medullarem› [RIDLEY], Œc. R. A., I., No. 505); or when the brain (in dogs) had been _pierced_, (Œc. R. A., II., No. 154), and how these injuries had occasioned spasms or contractions of the trunk or extremities (RIDLEY). He also describes such cases in which fine needles had been pierced through the dura mater and corrosive liquors introduced through the holes, with the result that severe disturbances occurred in both motility and sensibility, and also how through such injuries muscular contractions had been provoked, by which it was sometimes observed that with certain stimuli the contractions first occurred in certain groups of muscles (for example, in the head or neck) and afterwards spread to the other parts of the body. (BAGLIVI ›The Brain›, No. 20).