The current of electrified air flowing from the point when the
electricity is escaping--the well-known "electrical wind"--is
accompanied by a reaction on the point which tends to drive it
backwards. This reaction has been measured by Arrhenius (_Wied. Ann._
63, p. 305), who finds that when positive electricity is escaping from a
point in air the reaction on the point for a given current varies
inversely as the pressure of the gas, and for different gases (air,
hydrogen and carbonic acid) inversely as the square root of the
molecular weight of the gas. The reaction when negative electricity is
escaping is much less. The proportion between the reactions for positive
and negative currents depends on the pressure of the gas. Thus for equal
positive and negative currents in air at a pressure of 70 cm. the
reaction for a positive point was 1.9 times that of a negative one, at
40 cm. pressure 2.6 times, at 20 cm. pressure 3.2 times, at 10.3 cm.
pressure 7 times, and at 5.1 cm. pressure 15 times the reaction for the
negative point. Investigation shows that the reaction should be
proportional to the quotient of the current by the velocity acquired by
an ion under unit potential gradient. Now this velocity is inversely
proportional to the pressure, so that the reaction should on this view
be directly proportional to the pressure. This agrees with Arrhenius'
results when the point is positive. Again, the velocities of an ion in
hydrogen, air and carbonic acid at the same pressure are approximately
inversely proportional to the square roots of their molecular weights,
so that the reaction should be directly proportional to this quantity.
This also agrees with Arrhenius' results for the discharge from a
positive point. The velocity of the negative ion is greater than that of
a positive one under the same potential gradient, so that the reaction
for the negative point should be less than that for a positive one, but
the excess of the positive reaction over the negative is much greater
than that of the velocity of the negative ion over the velocity of the
positive. There is, however, reason to believe that a considerable
condensation takes place around the negative ion as a nucleus after it
is formed, so that the velocity of the negative ion under a given
potential gradient will be greater immediately after the ion is formed
than when it has existed for some time. The measurements which have been
made of the velocities of the ions relate to those which have been some
time in existence, but a large part of the reaction will be due to the
newly-formed ions moving with a greater velocity, and thus giving a
smaller reaction than that calculated from the observed velocity.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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