After the Franco-German War begins a better organization of scientific studies, modelled on that of Germany. The Ecole des Hautes Etudes, established in 1868, included in its programme the critical study of the sources, both Latin and French, of the history of France; and from the _seminaire_ of Gabriel Monod came men of learning, already prepared by studying at the Ecole des Chartes: Paul Viollet, who revived the study of the history of French law; Julien Havet, who revived that of Merovingian diplomatics; Arthur Giry, who resumed the study of municipal institutions where it had been left by A. Thierry, prepared the _Annales carolingiennes_ (written by his pupils, Eckel, Favre, Lauer, Lot, Poupardin), and brought back into honour the study of diplomatics (_Manuel de diplomatique_, 1894); Auguste Molinier, author of the _Sources de l'histoire de France_ (1902-1904; general index, 1906), &c. Auguste Longnon introduced at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes the study of historical geography (_Atlas historique de la France_, in course of publication since 1888). The universities, at last reorganized, popularized the employment of the new methods. The books of Fustel de Coulanges and Achille Luchaire on the middle ages, and those of A. Aulard on the revolution, gave a strong, though well-regulated, impetus to historical production. The Ecole du Louvre (1881) increased the value of the museums and placed the history of art among the studies of higher education, while the Musee archeologique of St-Germain-en-Laye offered a fruitful field for research on Gallic and Gallo-Roman antiquities. Rich archives, hitherto inaccessible, were thrown open to students; at Rome those of the Vatican (_Registres pontificaux_, published by students at the French school of archaeology, since 1884); at Paris, those of the Foreign Office (_Recueil des instructions donnees aux ambassadeurs depuis le traite de Westphalie_, 16 vols., 1885-1901; besides various collections of diplomatic papers, inventories, &c.). Those of the War Office were used by officers who published numerous documents bearing on the wars of the Revolution and the Empire, and on that of 1870-1871. In 1904 a commission, generously endowed by the French parlement, was entrusted with the task of publishing the documents relating to economic and social life of the time of the Revolution, and four volumes had appeared by 1908. Certain towns, Paris, Bordeaux, &c., have made it a point of honour to have their chief historical monuments printed. The work now becomes more and more specialized. _L'Histoire de France_, by Ernest Lavisse (1900, &c.), is the work of fifteen different authors. It is therefore more than ever necessary that the work should be under sound direction. The _Manuel de bibliographie historique_ of Ch. V. Langlois (2nd edition, 1901-1904) is a good guide, as is his _Archives de l'histoire de France_ (1891,