The peculiar conciliatory tendencies of Kabir were carried on with even
greater zeal from the latter part of the 15th century by one of his
followers, Nanak Shah, the promulgator of the creed of the _Nanak
Shahis_ or _Sikhs_--i.e. (Sanskr.) _sishya_, disciples, whose guru, or
teacher, he called himself--a peaceful sect at first until, in
consequence of Mahommedan persecution, a martial spirit was infused into
it by the tenth, and last, guru, Govind Shah, changing it into a
political organization. Whilst originally more akin in its principles to
the Moslem faith, the sect seems latterly to have shown tendencies
towards drifting back to the Hindu pale.
Of Ramananda's disciples and successors several others, besides Kabir,
have established schismatic divisions of their own, which do not,
however, offer any very marked differences of creed. The most
important of these, the Dadu Panthi sect, founded by Dadu about the
year 1600, has a numerous following in Ajmir and Marwar, one section
of whom, the Nagas, engage largely in military service, whilst the
others are either householders or mendicants. The followers of this
creed wear no distinctive sectarial mark or badge, except a skull-cap;
nor do they worship any visible image of any deity, the repetition
(_japa_) of the name of Rama being the only kind of adoration
practised by them.
Eroticism and Krishna worship.
Although the Vaishnava sects hitherto noticed, in their adoration of
Vishnu and his incarnations, Krishna and Ramachandra, usually associate
with these gods their wives, as their _saktis_, or female energies, the
sexual element is, as a rule, only just allowed sufficient scope to
enhance the emotional character of the rites of worship. In some of the
later Vaishnava creeds, on the other hand, this element is far from
being kept within the bounds of moderation and decency. The favourite
object of adoration with adherents of these sects is Krishna with his
mate--but not the devoted friend and counsellor of the Pandavas and
deified hero of epic song, nor the ruler of Dvaraka and wedded lord of
Rukmini, but the juvenile Krishna, Govinda or Bala Gopala, "the cowherd
lad," the foster son of the cowherd Nanda of Gokula, taken up with his
amorous sports with the _Gopis_, or wives of the cowherds of Vrindavana
(Brindaban, near Mathura on the Yamuna), especially his favourite
mistress Radha or Radhika. This episode in the legendary life of Krishna
has every appearance of being a later accretion. After barely a few
allusions to it in the epics, it bursts forth full-blown in the
Harivansa, the Vishnu-purana, the Narada-Pancharatra and the
Bhagavata-purana, the tenth canto of which, dealing with the life of
Krishna, has become, through vernacular versions, especially the Hindi
_Prem-sagar_, or "ocean of love," a favourite romance all over India,
and has doubtless helped largely to popularize the cult of Krishna.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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