The Reform Bill and the House of Lords--Death of Casimir Périer--A Republican insurrection in Paris and a Royalist rebellion in La Vendée--Death of the Duc de Reichstadt--The Belgian treaty--Durham at St. Petersburg--Palmerston's proposals to the Court of the Hague--Stockmar's advice to Leopold--France and England resolved to coerce the King of the Netherlands--The absolute Courts--London Conference breaks up--Scene between Louis Philippe and M. Dupin--The _Doctrinaires_--Broglie's conditions--The position in England--The Tories--King William IV.--Granville's warning--Attitude of the Northern Courts--The Convention of October 22nd, 1832--Claim put forward by French minister at Brussels--Siege of Antwerp--Sympathies of the Tories with the Dutch--Proposal made to Prussia by France and England--Capitulation of Antwerp--Convention of May 21, 1833--Palmerston's skilful conduct of the negotiations--Talleyrand 118-144 CHAPTER V MEHEMET ALI The Sultan Mahmud II.--The Greek insurrection--Sultan invokes the aid of Mehemet Ali--Intervention of the Christian Powers--Navarino--Russo-Turkish War--Mehemet Ali--Ibrahim Pasha lays siege to Acre--Mahmud resolves to crush his rebellious vassal--Defeat of Hussein Pasha--Stratford Canning at Constantinople--Mahmud appeals to England for help--Battle of Konieh--Muravieff at Constantinople--Russia offers help--The policy of Russia towards Turkey--Ibrahim advancing--Sultan accepts the aid of Russia--Mehemet Ali rejects the Sultan's terms--Russian fleet in the Bosphorus--Roussin at Constantinople--_Ultimatum_ of the Pasha--The Convention of Kiutayeh--Anger of Nicholas--Why Mahmud surrendered Adana--Ponsonby and Orloff at Constantinople--Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi--Great Britain and France protest--Meeting of the two Emperors at Münchengrätz--Treaty of October 15, 1833--Secret treaty of September 18, 1833--Palmerston and Broglie vainly endeavour to arouse the fears of Metternich 145-170 CHAPTER VI TWO QUEENS AND TWO PRETENDERS