Fig. 36. Amos Whitney _Facing page 178_ Fig. 37. Genealogy of the Robbins & Lawrence Shop _page 187_ Fig. 38. Robbins & Lawrence Armory, Windsor, Vt. _Facing page 190_ Fig. 39. Frederick W. Howe _Facing page 196_ Fig. 40. Richard S. Lawrence _Facing page 196_ Fig. 41. James Hartness _Facing page 198_ Fig. 42. Joseph R. Brown _Facing page 202_ Fig. 43. First Universal Milling Machine, 1862 _Facing page 208_ Fig. 44. Early Micrometer Calipers _Facing page 212_ Fig. 45. Genealogy of the Worcester Tool Builders _page 223_ Fig. 46. Lucius W. Pond _Facing page 228_ Fig. 47. Salmon W. Putnam _Facing page 228_ Fig. 48. Hiram W. Hayden _Facing page 232_ Fig. 49. Israel Holmes _Facing page 232_ Fig. 50. Genealogy of the Naugatuck Brass Industry _page 235_ Fig. 51. William Sellers _Facing page 248_ Fig. 52. Coleman Sellers _Facing page 252_ Fig. 53. William B. Bement _Facing page 252_ Fig. 54. Worcester R. Warner _Facing page 262_ Fig. 55. Ambrose Swasey _Facing page 262_ Fig. 56. The “Mult-au-matic” Lathe, 1914 _Facing page 276_ Fig. 57. Machine Tool Building Area of the United States, 1915 _page 279_ ENGLISH AND AMERICAN TOOL BUILDERS CHAPTER I INFLUENCE OF THE EARLY TOOL BUILDERS Well-informed persons are aware of the part which machinery in general has had on modern industrial life. But the profound influence which machine tools have had in that development is scarcely realized, even by tool builders themselves. Three elements came into industrial life during the latter part of the eighteenth century. First, the development of modern banking and the stock company brought out the small private hoards from their hiding places, united them, and made them available for industrial undertakings operating on the scale called for by modern requirements. Second, Watt’s development of the steam engine and its application to the production of continuous rotative motion gave the requisite source of power. But neither the steam engine itself nor the machinery of production was possible until the third element, modern machine tools, supplied the means of working metals accurately and economically.