SCOPE AND METHOD OF ETHICS: See the opening chapters in nearly all the works cited above, especially Palmer (_Field of Ethics_), Moore, Stephen, Spencer, Paulsen, and Wundt (_Facts of the Moral Life_); see also Ritchie, _Philosophical Studies_, 1905, pp. 264-291; Wallace, _Lectures and Essays on Natural Theology and Ethics_, 1898, pp. 194 ff.; Dewey, _Logical Conditions of a Scientific Treatment of Morality_ (_University of Chicago Decennial Publications_, 1903); Stuart, _The Logic of Self-realization_, in University of California Publications: _Philosophy_, I., 1904; Small, _The Significance of Sociology for Ethics_, 1902; Hadley, Article _Economic Theory_ in Baldwin's _Dict._ RELATION OF THEORY TO LIFE: Green, _Prolegomena_, Book IV.; Dewey, _International Journal of Ethics_, Vol. I., 1891, pp. 186-203; James, same journal, Vol. I., 330-354; Mackenzie, same journal, Vol. IV., 1894, pp. 160-173. FOOTNOTES: [1] Plato, _Protagoras_, 320 ff. [2] Angell, _Psychology_, p. 59. * * * * * PART I THE BEGINNINGS AND GROWTH OF MORALITY GENERAL LITERATURE FOR PART I Hobhouse, _Morals in Evolution_, 2 vols., 1906. Westermarck, _The Origin and Development of Moral Ideas_, Vol. I., 1906. Sutherland, _The Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct_, 2 vols., 1898. Wundt, _Facts of the Moral Life_, 1902; also _Ethik_, 3rd ed., 1903, Vol. I., pp. 280-523. Paulsen, _A System of Ethics_, 1899, Book I. Sumner, _Folkways_, 1907. Bergmann, _Ethik als Kulturphilosophie_, 1904. Mezes, _Ethics, Descriptive and Explanatory_, Part I. Dewey, _The Evolutionary Method as Applied to Morality_, Philos. Review, XI., 1902, pp. 107-124, 353-371. Adam Smith, _Theory of Moral Sentiments_, 1759. Baldwin, _Social and Ethical Interpretations_, 1902. Taylor, _The Problem of Conduct_, 1901, chap. iii. Spencer, _Data of Ethics_, 1879; _Psychology_, 1872, Part IX., chs. v.-viii. Ihering, _Der Zweck im Recht_, 3rd ed., 1893. Steinthal, _Allgemeine Ethik_, 1885. CHAPTER II EARLY GROUP LIFE To understand the origin and growth of moral life, it is essential to understand primitive society. And while there is much that is uncertain, there is one fact of capital importance which stands out clearly. This is _the dominant influence of group life_. It is not asserted that all peoples have had precisely the same type of groups, or the same degree of group solidarity. It is beyond question that the ancestors of modern civilized races lived under the general types of group life which will be outlined, and that these types or their survivals are found among the great mass of peoples to-day. § 1. TYPICAL FACTS OF GROUP LIFE Consider the following incident as related by Dr. Gray: