Introductory--virtue defined, 399; natural ability and virtue, 400; evolution of virtues, 401; responsibility for moral judgment, 402; futility of cataloguing virtues, 402; their cardinal aspects, 403. § 1. _Temperance_:--Greek, Roman, and Christian conceptions, 405; negative and positive aspects, 407; pleasure and excitement, 408. § 2. _Courage or persistent vigor_:--Dislike of the disagreeable, 410; "dimensions" of courage, 411; optimism and pessimism, 412. § 3. _Justice_:--Three meanings of, 414; justice and love, 415; justice and punishment, 416. § 4. _Wisdom or conscientiousness_:--Importance of intelligent interest, 418; Greek and modern ideas of moral wisdom, 419; ideals and thoughtfulness, 420; ideals and progress, 422. PART III THE WORLD OF ACTION XX. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND THE INDIVIDUAL 427 Object of discussion, 427. § 1. _Growth of individuality through social organizations_:--Emancipation from custom, 428; double movement towards individuality and complex associations, 429; morality and legality, 432; two-fold contribution of social environment to individual morality, 433; moral value of the state, 434. § 2. _Responsibility and freedom_:--Liability, 436; freedom as exemption and as power, 437; legal and moral freedom, 438. § 3. _Rights and obligations_:--Their definition, 439; they are correlative, 440; physical rights, 442; limitations put upon them by war and punishment, 443; by poverty, 444; mental rights, 445; limitations to freedom of thought and expression, 446; education, 448. XXI. CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE POLITICAL STATE 451 § 1. _Civil rights and obligations_:--Their definition, 451; their classes, 452; significance of established remedies for wrongs, 454. § 2. _Development of civil rights_:--Contrast with savage age justice, 456; social harm versus metaphysical evil, 457; recognition of accident and intent, 459; of character and circumstances, 460; of mental incapacity, 462; significance of negligence and carelessness, 464; conflict of substantial and technical justice, 465; relations of the legal and moral, 467; reform of criminal procedure necessary, 468; also of punitive methods, 470; and of civil administration, 471. § 3. _Political rights and obligations_:--Significance of the state, 473; distrust of government, 474; indifference to politics, 476; political corruption, 477; reform of partisan machinery, 478; of governmental machinery, 479; constructive social legislation, 480; a federated humanity, 481. § 4. _The moral criterion of political activity_:--Its statement, 482; the individualistic formula, 483; the collectivistic formula, 484. XXII. THE ETHICS OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE 486