‘He presents his materials with model clearness and arrangement, and with a sound literary style, which will make the book attractive to the general reader as well as useful to the student.’--_Scotsman._ ‘Mr. Phillips shows decided literary power in the handling of a not too manageable period, and few readers with any appreciation of the march of history, having once commenced the book, will be content to lay it aside until the last page is reached.’--_Manchester Guardian._ ‘This thoughtful volume will give the intelligent reader both profit and pleasure.’--_Spectator._ * * * * * * EUROPE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 1494-1598 by A. H. JOHNSON, M.A. Historical Lecturer to Merton, Trinity and University Colleges, Oxford PERIOD IV Rivingtons 34 King Street, Covent Garden London 1909 FIFTH EDITION All rights reserved PREFACE The limits as to length imposed upon me by the Editor of the Series forced me to adopt one of two alternatives. I had either to content myself with a very slight sketch of the whole of European History during the period, or I had to exercise some principle of selection. Unwilling to do over again that which has already been well done by Mr. Lodge in his _History of Modern Europe_, I have fallen back on the second alternative, and confined myself to the greater Powers of Western Europe. Nor is such a selection without some justification; for it is the struggle for supremacy between these Powers which underlies the other issues, affects every movement (even the religious ones), and gives unity to this many-sided and involved period of the world’s history. My readers will therefore find no reference to the affairs of England, nor to those of the Kingdoms of Northern and Eastern Europe, except so far as in their foreign policy they affect the course of that great struggle. My best thanks are due to Mr. Armstrong for help, more particularly in points of Spanish History, and to Mr. Fletcher, who has revised the proofs, and assisted with his kindly criticism. Oxford, _May 1897_. PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION I have only to thank my critics, and especially Mr. Armstrong and Mr. Fotheringham, for many helpful suggestions. Oxford, _Jan. 1903_. LIST OF MAPS PAGE 1. Spain, 1494-1598, xvi 2. The Swiss Confederation, 119 3. Netherlands, 314 4. Portuguese and Spanish Discoveries, 473 5. Italy, 1494-1559, } 6. France, 1494-1598, } _at end of book_ 7. Germany in 1547, } CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Bibliography, x Introduction, 1 I. The Italian Wars, 1494-1518,, 4