Assertion of Oriental impersonality--Quotations from Percival Lowell--Defective and contradictory definitions--Arguments for impersonality resting on mistaken interpretations--Children's festivals--Occidental and Oriental method of counting ages--Argument for impersonality from Japanese art--From the characteristics of the Japanese family--The bearing of divorce on this argument--Do Japanese "fall in love"?--Suicide and murder for love--Occidental approval and Oriental condemnation of "falling in love"--Sociological significance of divorce and of "falling in love," 344 XXXI. THE JAPANESE NOT IMPERSONAL The problem stated--Definitions--Remarks on definitions--Characteristics of a person--Impersonality defined--A preliminary summary statement--Definitions of Communalism and Individualism--The argument for "impersonality" from Japanese politeness--Some difficulties of this interpretation--The sociological interpretation of politeness--The significance of Japanese sensitiveness--Altruism as a proof of impersonality--Japanese selfishness and self-assertiveness--Distinction between communal and individualistic altruism--Deficiency of personal pronouns as a proof of impersonality--A possible counter-argument--Substitutes for personal pronouns--Many personal words in Japanese--Origin of pronouns, personal and others--The relation of the social order to the use of personal pronouns--Japanese conceive Nationality only through Personality--"Strong" and "weak" personality--Strong personalities in Japan--Feudalism and strong personalities, 356 XXXII. IS BUDDHISM IMPERSONAL? Self-suppression as a proof of impersonality--Self-suppression cannot be ascribed to a primitive people--Esoteric Buddhism not popular--Buddhism emphasized introspection and self-consciousness--Mr. Lowell on the teaching of Buddha--Consciousness of union with the Absolute a developed, not a primitive, trait--Buddhist self-suppression proves a developed self--Buddhist self-salvation and Christian salvation by faith--Buddhism does not develop rounded personality--Buddhism attributes no worth to the self--Buddhist mercy rests on the doctrine of transmigration, not on the inherent worth of man--Analysis of the diverse elements in the asserted "Impersonality "--Why Buddhism attributed no value to the self--The Infinite Absolute Abstraction--Buddhism not impersonal but abstract--Buddhist doctrine of illusion--Popular Buddhism not philosophical--Relation of "ingwa," Fate, to the development of personality--Relation of belief in freedom to the fact of freedom--Sociological consequences of Buddhist doctrine, 377 XXXIII. TRACES OF PERSONALITY IN SHINTOISM, BUDDHISM, AND CONFUCIANISM