Human illogicalness providential--Some devices for avoiding the evils of logical conclusions--Buddhistic actual appeal to personal self-activity--Practical Confucianism an antidote to Buddhist poison--Confucian ethics produced strong persons--The personal conception of deity is widespread--Shinto gods all persons--Popular Buddhist gods are personal--Confucian "Heaven" implies personality--The idea of personality not wholly wanting in the Orient--The idea of divine personality not difficult to impart to a Japanese--A conversation with a Buddhist priest--Sketch of the development of Japanese personality--Is personality inherent?--Intrinsic and phenomenal personality--Note on the doctrine of the personality of God, 389 XXXIV. THE BUDDHIST WORLD-VIEW Comparison of Buddhist, Greek, and Christian conceptions of God--Nirvana--The Buddhistic Ultimate Reality absolute vacuity--Greek affirmation of intelligence in the Ultimate Reality--Christian affirmation of Divine Personality--The Buddhist universe is partly rational and ethical--The Greek universe is partly rational and ethical--Corresponding views of sin, salvation, change, and history--Resulting pessimism and optimism--Consequences to the respective civilizations and their social orders, 398 XXXV. COMMUNAL AND INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS IN THE EVOLUTION OF JAPANESE RELIGIOUS LIFE Japanese religious life has been predominantly communal--Shinto provided the sanctions for the social order--Recent abdication of Shinto as a religion--Primitive Shinto world--view--Shinto and modern science--Shinto sanctions for the modern social order--Buddhism is individualistic--Lacks social ideals and sanctions--Hence it could not displace Shinto--Shinto and Buddhism are supplementary--Produced a period of prosperity--The defect of Buddhist individualism--Imperfect acceptance of Shinto--Effect of political history--Confucianism restored the waning communal sanctions--The difference between Shinto and Confucian social ideals and sanctions--The difference between Shinto and Confucian world-views--Rejection of the Confucian social order--An interpretation--The failure of Confucianism to become a religion--Western intercourse re-established Shinto sanctions--Japan's modern religious problem--Difficulty of combining individual and communal religious elements--Christianity has accomplished it--Individualism in and through communalism--A modern expansion of communal religion--Shared by Japan--Some Japanese recognize the need of religion for Japan--Sociological function of individualistic religion in the higher human evolution--Obstacle to evolution through the development of intellect--The Japanese mind is outgrowing its old religious conceptions--The dependence of religious phenomena on the ideas dominating society--Note on National and Universal religions--Buddhism not properly classified as Universal--The classification of religions, 404 XXXVI. WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ORIENT