Ignorance of the Earth's Surface at the Beginning of the Century--Notable Fields of Nineteenth Century Travel--Famous African Travelers--Dr. Livingstone's Missionary Labors--Discovery of Lake Ngami--Livingstone's Journey from the Zambesi to the West Coast--The Great Victoria Falls--First Crossing of the Continent--Livingstone discovers Lake Nyassa--Stanley in Search of Livingstone--Other African Travelers--Stanley's Journeys--Stanley Rescues Emin Pasha--The Exploration of the Arctic Zone--The Greely Party--The Fatal "Jeanette" Expedition--Expeditions of Professor Nordenskjöld--Peary Crosses North Greenland--Nansen and his Enterprise--Andrée's Fatal Balloon Venture 523 CHAPTER XXXVII Robert Fulton, George Stephenson, and the Triumphs of Invention Anglo-Saxon Activity in Invention--James Watt and the Steam Engine--Labor-Saving Machinery of the Eighteenth Century--The Steamboat and the Locomotive--The First Steamboat Trip up the Hudson--Development of Ocean Steamers--George Stephenson and the Locomotive--First American Railroads--Development of the Railroad--Great Railroad Bridges--The Electric Steel Railway--The Bicycle and the Automobile--Marvels in Iron and Woodworking--Progress in Illumination and Heating--Howe and the Sewing Machine--Vulcanization of Rubber--Morse and the Telegraph--The Inventions of Edison--Marconi and Wireless Telegraphy--Increase of Working Power of the Farmer--The American Reapers and Mowers--Commerce of the United States 535 CHAPTER XXXVIII The Evolution in Industry and the Revolt Against Capital Mediæval Industry--Cause of Revolution in the Labor System--Present Aspect of the Labor Question--The Trade Union--The International Workingmen's Association--The System of the Strike--Arbitration and Profit Sharing--Experiments and Theories in Economies--Co-operative Associations--The Theories of Socialism and Anarchism--Secular Communistic Experiments--Development of Socialism--Growth of the Socialist Party--The Development of the Trust--An Industrial Revolution 554 CHAPTER XXXIX Charles Darwin and the Development of Science