Colonization and its Results--Religious Influences--Popular Rights--Limitations--Colonial Legislatures--The Money Question--Taxation--Confederation--The Franchise--Property Qualifications--Growth of Western Ideas--Contrast Between Institutions at the Beginning and Close of the Century 361 CHAPTER XXV America's Answer to British Doctrine of Right of Search Why the War of 1812 Was Fought--The Principles Involved--Impressing American Sailors--Insults and Outrages Resented--The "Chesapeake" and "Leopard"--Injury to Commerce--Blockades--Embargo as Retaliation--Naval Glory--Failure of Canadian Campaign--"Constitution" and the "Guerriere"--The "Wasp" and the "Frolic"--Other Sea Duels--Privateers--Perry's Great Victory--Land Operations--The "Shannon" and the "Chesapeake"--Lundy's Lane and Plattsburg--The Burning of Washington--Baltimore Saved--Jackson's Victory at New Orleans--Treaty of Peace 369 CHAPTER XXVI The United States Sustains Its Dignity Abroad First Foreign Difficulty--The Barbary States--Buying Peace--Uncle Sam Aroused--Thrashes the Algerian Pirates--A Splendid Victory--King Bomba Brought to Terms--Austria and the Koszta Case--Captain Ingraham--His Bravery--"Deliver or I'll Sink You"--Austria Yields--The Paraguayan Trouble--Lopez Comes to Terms--The Chilian Imbroglio--Balmaceda--The Insult to the United States--American Seamen Attacked--Matta's Impudent Letter--Backdown--Peace--All's Well That Ends Well, Etc. 382 CHAPTER XXVII Webster and Clay--The Preservation of the Union The Great Questions in American Politics in the First Half of the Century--The Great Orators to Which They Gave Rise--Daniel Webster--Henry Clay--John C. Calhoun--Clay's Compromise Measure on the Tariff Question--On Slavery Extension--Webster and Calhoun and the Tariff Question--Webster's Reply to Hayne--The Union Must and Shall be Preserved 398 CHAPTER XXVIII The Annexation of Texas and the War With Mexico Texas as a Province of Mexico--Rebellion and War--The Alamo Massacre--Rout of Mexicans at San Jacinto--Freedom of Mexico--Annexation to the United States--The War With Mexico--Taylor and Buena Vista--Scott and Vera Cruz--Advance on and Capture of Mexico--Results of the War 413 CHAPTER XXIX The Negro In America and the Slavery Conflict