Group 15(p. 44). =GROUP 1. Two or more free carpels; petals present, free from each other.= a) Leaves opposite or verticillate: b) Stamens numerous, 15 or more; leaves stipulate; fruits follicular or indehiscent, sometimes arranged on a large fleshy torus; style often lateral or basal. =Rosaceæ= bb) Stamens up to 15 in number: c) Herbs, often succulent; leaves often connate at the base, exstipulate; flowers mostly cymose; carpels the same number as the petals; seeds often minute, with fleshy endosperm. =Crassulaceæ= cc) Trees, shrubs or woody climbers; carpels 1-3; petals often clawed, thin; stipules mostly intrapetiolar, often connate at the base; sepals often with 2 glands at the base; hairs on the leaves usually medifixed. =Malpighiaceæ= aa) Leaves alternate or all radical: b) Leaves stipulate: c) Stamens free from one another or nearly so; fruits follicular or indehiscent, often arranged on a large fleshy torus; sepals imbricate; seeds without endosperm. =Rosaceæ= cc) Stamens free from one another or nearly so; fruits not on an enlarged torus; trees with large leaves and stellate hairs; calyx valvate; seeds with copious endosperm. =Tiliaceæ= ccc) Stamens more or less united into a column; calyx valvate; mostly trees or shrubs; hairs often stellate or lepidote. =Sterculiaceæ= bb) Leaves without stipules: c) Carpels completely sunk in the tissue of the large broad torus; aquatic plants with floating leaves and bright showy flowers. =Nymphæaceæ= cc) Carpels not sunk in the tissue of the torus; not aquatic: d) Stamens the same number and opposite to the petals; carpels usually 3; leaves simple; fruit drupaceous; endosperm sometimes ruminate. =Menispermaceæ= dd) Stamens alternate with the petals or monadelphous or more numerous than the petals: e) Stamens numerous (more than 12): f) Flowers usually hermaphrodite, mostly fairly large and solitary; anthers usually with a broad truncate connective; seeds with abundant ruminate endosperm. =Anonaceæ= ff) Flowers dioecious, small; anthers with a narrow connective; lateral nerves of the leaves not markedly prominent. =Menispermaceæ=