cc) Stamens connate into a column with the anthers in a ring at the top; flowers dioecious; fruit a drupe; slender climbers. =Menispermaceæ= aa) Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube, sometimes near the base: b) Stamens double the number of the petals, usually diadelphous; flower sometimes zygomorphic: c) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular), often somewhat papilionaceous, hermaphrodite; seeds often hairy; leaves small to medium-sized. =Polygalaceæ= cc) Flowers actinomorphic (regular), unisexual or polygamous; seeds with a succulent coat; leaves large, palmately lobed. =Caricaceæ= bb) Stamens the same number as the corolla lobes; corolla actinomorphic or nearly so: c) Leaves opposite: d) Carpels 2, more or less free; pollen granular, no corona in the corolla; mostly shrubs, trees or climbers. =Apocynaceæ= dd) Carpels 2, free; styles separate up to the common thickened apex; pollen agglutinated into masses; corolla with a corona; mostly herbs or twiners. =Asclepiadaceæ= ddd) Carpels 2, connate into a 1 or 2 celled ovary; pollen not agglutinated; one common style present: e) Stamens 5; ovules numerous; herbs; corolla actinomorphic. =Gentianaceæ= ee) Stamens 4; ovules 1-2 in each cell; habit various; corolla usually zygomorphic. =Verbenaceæ= cc) Leaves alternate or radical; marsh or aquatic herbs: d) Corolla lobes imbricate or contorted; styles 2, free or partly united. =Hydrophyllaceæ= dd) Corolla lobes induplicate valvate; style 1, with 1-2 stigmas. =Gentianaceæ= bbb) Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes, 4 or 2; corolla zygomorphic or rarely subactinomorphic: c) Leafless parasites (on roots) never green herbs; seeds minute, very numerous, with endosperm. =Orobanchaceæ= cc) Leafy and not or rarely parasitic: d) Ovules numerous on each placenta; mostly trees; seeds transverse, winged. =Bignoniaceæ= dd) Ovules 1-2 on each placenta; stem and branches often 4-sided. =Verbenaceæ= =GROUP 6. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary superior; petals absent.=