a) Flowers arranged in a dense head surrounded by numerous imbricate bracts; stamens 4, opposite the calyx (or perianth) lobes, the latter valvate, one splitting away from the other three; leaves alternate, without stipules. =Proteaceæ= aa) Flowers variously arranged but not in heads with an involucre of bracts; remainder of above characters not associated: b) Ovary composed of 1 carpel (_i.e._, with 1 placenta): c) Stamens numerous, free or very slightly connate at the base; pod stipitate. =Papilionaceæ=(Cordyla) cc) Stamens 10 or fewer: d) Flowers hermaphrodite, not very small; leaves usually compound. =Cæsalpiniaceæ= dd) Flowers unisexual or polygamous, usually very small; leaves usually simple: e) Ovule pendulous; anthers erect in bud; flowers solitary or cymose or fasciculate. =Ulmaceæ= ee) Ovule pendulous or erect; anthers erect or inflexed in bud; flowers often on or within an enlarged and often fleshy receptacle or in catkins or heads. =Moraceæ= bb) Ovary composed of more than 1 carpel; at least with 2 or more placentas: c) Ovary and fruit stipitate; seeds usually without endosperm and often with a curved embryo; sepals usually valvate. =Capparidaceæ= cc) Ovary sessile: d) Inflorescence a catkin; flowers dioecious; seeds pilose with a basal tuft of hairs, without endosperm. =Salicaceæ= dd) Inflorescence not a catkin but sometimes a slender pendulous spike or raceme; flowers usually hermaphrodite; seeds with endosperm. e) Flowers hypogynous; no staminodes between the stamens; filaments free. =Flacourtiaceæ= ee) Flowers perigynous; staminodes often present and alternating with the fertile stamens; filaments free or connate. =Samydaceæ= =GROUP 7. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the walls of the ovary; ovary inferior; petals present, free from each other.= a) Flowers hermaphrodite; anthers straight or nearly so: b) Anthers opening by pores; leaves mostly opposite with parallel main nerves; stamens definite, often double the number of the petals. =Melastomataceæ= bb) Anthers not opening by pores: c) Fleshy herbs or shrubs with reduced leaves and often epiphytic; stamens numerous; seeds without endosperm.