The greatest number of cases occurred in the immediate vicinity of the Christian Street Market. This market is largely patronized by the inhabitants of the section known as "Little Italy." The patrons of the South Street Market are principally Hebrews, while the Seventh Street Market is patronized in the main by Hebrews and Poles. The following conclusion was reached regarding the particularly large number of cases among persons of one nationality: Our inspectors have found that the different methods used by the Italians and Hebrews in the preparation of their food are responsible for the larger number of cases being found in the vicinity of the Christian Street Market in Little Italy. It is the custom of the Italians to eat many of the fruits and vegetables raw, while the Hebrews cook the greater portion of their food. It is presumably due to this custom that the members of the Italian colony have suffered to a greater extent than the other residents of the district. A bacterial examination of various kinds of vegetables obtained from push-carts and curb markets led to the finding of the typhoid bacillus upon some of the celery. It would naturally be difficult to determine in such cases whether the typhoid bacilli were derived from infected soil in which the celery was grown or whether the contamination occurred through improper handling. Bread, when marketed unwrapped, is subject to contamination from flies and from uncleanly handling. Katherine Howell[54] has shown that unwrapped loaves of bread sold in Chicago were more or less thickly smeared with bacteria and were coated on the average with a much larger number than wrapped loaves. In some cases typhoid fever has been directly traced to bread. Hinton[55] has recorded the occurrence of seven typhoid cases in the Elgin (Illinois) State Hospital, which were apparently due to a typhoid-carrier whose duty it was as attendant to slice the bread before serving. When this typhoid-bearing attendant was transferred to another department where she handled no uncooked food, cases of typhoid ceased to appear.[56] Food such as milk that is not only eaten customarily without cooking, but is also suitable for the growth of typhoid bacilli, needs to be particularly safeguarded. It is noteworthy that the compulsory pasteurization of milk in New York, Chicago, and other large American cities has been accompanied by a great diminution in the prevalence of typhoid fever. Until recent years milk-borne typhoid in the United States has been common and hundreds of typhoid epidemics have been traced to this source. [Illustration: FIG. 5.--Bacteria left by fly passing over gelatin plate. (By courtesy of Doubleday, Page & Company.)]