the latter to near, or something less than at or on. The suffixes _-is, -it, -os, -es_ mean "Small," as in _Ménates_ or _Ménatit,_ "Small island." The locative affix cannot be applied to an animal in the sense of at, in, on, to. There are many formative inflections and suffixes indicating the plural, etc. Mohawk or Iroquoian names, while polysynthetic, differ from Algonquian in construction. "The adjective," wrote Horatio Hale, "when employed in an isolated form, follows the substantive, as _Kanonsa,_ 'house;' _Kanonsa-kowa,_ 'large house;' but in general the substantive and adjective coalesce." In some cases the adjective is split in two, and the substantive inserted, as in _Tiogen,_ a composition of _Te,_ "two," and _ogen,_ "to separate," which is split and the word _ononté,_ "mountain," or hill, inserted, forming _Te-ononté-ogen,_ "Between two mountains," "The local relations of nouns are expressed by affixed particles, such as _ke, ne, kon, akon, akta._ Thus from _Onónta,_ mountain, we have _Onóntáke,_ at (or to) the mountain; from _Akéhrat_ dish, _Akehrátne,_ in or on the dish," etc. From the variety of its forms and combinations it is a more difficult language than the Algonquian. No European has fully mastered it. No attempt has been made to correct record orthographies further than to give their probable missionary equivalents where they can be recognized. In many cases crude orthographies have converted them into unknown tongues. Imperfect as many of them are and without standing in aboriginal glossaries, they have become place names that may not be disturbed. No two of the early scribes expressed the sound of the same name in precisely the same letters, and even the missionaries who gave attention to the study of the aboriginal tongues, did not always write twice alike. Original sounds cannot now be restored. The diacritical marks employed by Williams and Eliot in the English alphabet, and by Zeisberger and Heckewelder in the German alphabet, are helpful in pronunciations, but as a rule the corrupt local record orthographies are a law unto themselves. In quoting diacritical marks the forms of the learned linguists who gave their idea of how the word was pronounced, have been followed. It is not, however, in the power of diacritical marks or of any European alphabet to express correctly the sound of an Algonquian or of an Iroquoian word as it was originally spoken, or write it in European characters. Practically, every essential element in pronunciation is secured by separating the forms into words or parts of words, or particles, of which it is composed, (where the original elements of the composition cannot be detected) by syllabalizing on the vowel sounds. An anglicized vocalism of any name may be readily established and an original name formed in American nomenclature, as many names in current use amply illustrates. Few would suspect that _Ochsechraga_ (Mohawk) was the original of Saratoga, or that _P'tuk-sepo_