Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal MorphologyRussell, E. S. (Edward Stuart)
History
Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology
Russell, E. S. (Edward Stuart)
Anatomy, Comparative -- History; Morphology (Animals) -- History
In the _Historia Animalium_ the homogeneous parts are divided into (1)
the soft and moist (or fluid), such as blood, serum, flesh, fat, suet,
marrow, semen, gall, milk, phlegm, faeces and urine, and (2) the hard
and dry (or solid), such as sinew, vein, hair, bone, cartilage, nail,
and horn. It would appear from this enumeration that Aristotle's
distinction of simple and complex parts does not altogether coincide
with our distinction of tissues and organs. We should not call vein a
tissue, nor do we include under this heading non-living secretions.
But in the _De Partibus Animalium_ Aristotle, while still holding to
the distinction set forth above, is alive to the fact that his simple
parts include several different sorts of substances. He distinguishes
among the homogeneous parts three sets. The first of these comprises
the tissues out of which the heterogeneous parts are constructed,
_e.g._, flesh and bone; the second set form the nutriment of the
parts, and are invariably fluid; while the third set are the residue
of the second and constitute the residual excretions of the body (ii.,
2, 647^b). He sees clearly the difficulty of calling vein or
blood-vessel a simple part, for while a bloodvessel and a part of it
are both blood-vessel, as we should say vascular tissue, yet a part of
a blood-vessel is not a bloodvessel. There is form superadded to
homogeneity of structure (ii., 2, 647^b). Similarly for the heart and
the other viscera. "The heart, like the other viscera, is one of the
homogeneous parts; for, if cut up, its pieces are homogeneous in
substance with each other. But it is at the same time heterogeneous in
virtue of its definite configuration" (ii., 1, 647^a, trans. Ogle).
Aristotle, therefore, came very near our conception of tissue. He was
of course not a histologist; he describes not the structure of
tissues, which he could not know, but rather their distribution within
the organism; his section on the homogeneous parts of Sanguinea
(_Historia Animalium_, iii., second half) is largely a comparative
topographical anatomy; in it, for instance, he describes the venous
and skeletal systems.
This distinction which Aristotle drew plays an important part in all
his writings on animals, particularly in his theory of development. It
was a distinction of immense value, and is full of meaning even at the
present day. No one has ever given a better definition of organ than
is implied in Aristotle's description of the heterogeneous parts--"The
capacity of action resides in the compound parts" (Cresswell, _loc.
cit._, p. 7). The heterogeneous parts were distinguished by the
faculty of doing something, they were the active or executive parts.
The homogeneous parts were distinguished mainly by physical characters
(_De Generatione_, i., 18), but certain of them had other than purely
physical properties, they were the organs of touch (_De Partibus_,
ii., 1, 647^a).
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