Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8): Letters to the workmen and labourers of Great BritainRuskin, John
General
Fors Clavigera (Volume 3 of 8): Letters to the workmen and labourers of Great Britain
Ruskin, John
Aesthetics; Conduct of life; Great Britain -- Social conditions -- 19th century; Social problems; Working class -- Great Britain
"The generally accepted theory proved by the Rev. Canon Moseley to be
incorrect.--Since the time that Professor Tyndall had shown that all
the phenomena formerly attributed by Professor Forbes to plasticity
could be explained upon the principle of regelation, discovered by
Faraday, the viscous theory of glacier-motion has been pretty generally
given up. The ice of a glacier is now almost universally believed
to be, not a soft plastic substance, but a substance hard, brittle,
and unyielding. The power that the glacier has of accommodating itself
to the inequalities of its bed without losing its apparent continuity
is referred to the property of regelation possessed by ice. All this
is now plain."
"The present state of the question.--The condition which the perplexing
question of the cause of the descent of glaciers has now reached seems
to be something like the following. The ice of a glacier is not in
a soft and plastic state, but is solid, hard, brittle, and unyielding."
I hope to give a supplementary number of Fors, this winter, on
glacier questions; and will only, therefore, beg my readers at
present to observe that the opponents of Forbes are simply, in the
position of persons who deny the flexibility of chain-mail because
'steel is not flexible;' and, resolving that steel is not flexible,
account for the bending of an old carving-knife by the theory of
'contraction and expansion.'
Observe, also, that 'regelation' is only scientific language for
'freezing again;' and it is supposed to be more explanatory, as
being Latin.
Similarly, if you ask any of these scientific gentlemen the reason
of the forms of hoar-frost on your window-pane, they will tell you
they may be all explained by the "theory of congelation."
Finally; here is the first part of the question, in brief terms for
you to think over.
A cubic foot of snow falls on the top of the Alps. It takes, more
or less, forty years (if it doesn't melt) to get to the bottom of
them. During that period it has been warmed by forty summers, frozen
by forty winters; sunned and shaded,--sopped and dried,--dropped and
picked up again,--wasted and supplied,--cracked and mended,--squeezed
together and pulled asunder, by every possible variety of temperature
and force that wind, weather, and colossal forces of fall and weight,
can bring to bear upon it.
How much of it will get to the bottom? With what additions or
substitutions of matter, and in what consistence?
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE.
I find an excellent illustration of the state of modern roads,
'not blamed for blood,' in the following "Month's List of Killed and
Wounded," from the 'Pall Mall Gazette':--
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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