described from the Lower Carboniferous rocks of New South Wales, though too imperfectly preserved to refer with confidence to _B. kiltorkense_, is no doubt a closely allied type. [Illustration: FIG. 214. _Bothrodendron Leslei_ Seward. _b._ Natural size. _a, c._ Slightly enlarged.] [Illustration: FIG. 215. _Bothrodendron mundum_ (Will.). A, B. From a specimen (No. 26) in the Cambridge Botany School. C. British Museum, Williamson Collection. (No. 416 b.) D, E. From a section in Dr Kidston’s Collection.] Reference was made in Volume I. (p. 133) to the so-called paper coal of Carboniferous age from Central Russia, which consists of masses of thin strips of cuticle of Bothrodendron stems. The figures published by Zeiller[637] show that the plant possessed an epidermis consisting of polygonal cells interrupted by spirally disposed gaps marking the position of leaves; the gaps measure 0·5–1·5 mm. in breadth and agree, therefore, with the size of the leaf-scars of the smaller forms of _Bothrodendron_. The specimens from the Russian mines were first figured by Trautschold and Auerbach[638] as _Lepidodendron tenerrimum_ and afterwards referred by Zeiller to _Bothrodendron punctatum_[639]. Nathorst[640], however, states that an examination of the Russian material leads him to retain the name originally proposed; he records the same type from Upper Devonian rocks of Spitzbergen. The chief interest of these Russian specimens is their manner of preservation, which Renault has described as the result of bacterial action; he claims to have recognised the actual bacteria associated with the cuticular membranes[641]. _Anatomy of vegetative shoots_ of Bothrodendron.