Transcriber's Note Text emphasis is displayed as _Italics_ and =Bold= respectively. Superscript characters are denoted with the carat character (i.e., 8^e). Whole and fractional parts are displayed as 5-1/2. FRAGMENTS OF EARTH LORE [Illustration: PLATE I OROGRAPHIC MAP OF SCOTLAND] FRAGMENTS OF EARTH LORE SKETCHES & ADDRESSES Geological and Geographical BY JAMES GEIKIE, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., &c. MURCHISON-PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH FORMERLY OF H.M. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SCOTLAND WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS EDINBURGH JOHN BARTHOLOMEW & CO. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & Co., Ltd. 1893 PREFACE. The articles in this volume deal chiefly with the history of Glacial times and the origin of surface-features. As they were not written with any view to their subsequent appearance in a collected form, each is so far independent and complete in itself. Under these circumstances some repetition was unavoidable, if the articles were not to be recast, and I did not think it advisable to make such radical alteration. With the exception of verbal changes and some excisions, therefore, the papers remain substantially in their original state. Here and there a footnote has been added to indicate where the views expressed in the text have since been modified; but I have not been careful to insert such notes throughout. Geologists, like other folk, live and learn, and the reader will probably discover that the opinions set forth in some of the later articles are occasionally in advance of those maintained in the writer's earlier days. I have to thank the Publishers of _Good Words_ for allowing me to republish the articles on the Cheviot Hills and the Outer Hebrides. My acknowledgments are also due to Mr. Bartholomew for the excellent maps with which the volume is so well illustrated. Edinburgh, _April 5th, 1893_. LIST OF MAPS. Plate I. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF SCOTLAND _Frontispiece_ " II. STRUCTURE OF MOUNTAINS 60 " III. PAST AND PRESENT GLACIATION OF THE WORLD 193 " IV. ICE AGE IN NORTHERN EUROPE 324 " V. THE GEOGRAPHICAL EVOLUTION OF CONTINENTS 348 " VI. BATHY-HYPSOMETRICAL MAP, ILLUSTRATING DEVELOPMENT OF COAST-LINES 428 CONTENTS. CHAP. PAGE