Anthologies and collections : Crépet, _les Poètes Français_, 4 vols., 1887; G. Masson, _la Lyre française_, London (Golden Treasury Series); G. Saintsbury, _French Lyrics_, New York, 1883; P. Paris, _le Romancero français_, 1833; K. Bartsch, _Romanzen und Pastourellen_, Leipzig, 1870; Bartsch and Horning, _la Langue et la Littérature françaises depuis le IXe jusqu'au XIVe siècle_, 1887; L. Constans, _Chrestomathie de l'ancien français à l'usage des classes_, 1884; _Histoire littéraire de la France_, vol. xxiii; Darmesteter and Hatzfeld, _le Seizième siècle en France_, 1878; F. Godefroy, _Histoire de la littérature française depuis le XVIe siècle jusqu'à nos jours_, 6 vols., 1867; Lemerre, _Anthologie des poètes du XIXe siècle_, 1887-88; _le Parnasse contemporain_, 3 series, 1866, 1869, 1876. For reference: Good historical and critical notices may be found in several of the above, especially in Crépet, Darmesteter and Hatzfeld, and the _Histoire littéraire_; Jeanroy, _Origines de la poésie lyrique en France_, 1889; G. Paris, _Origines de la poésie lyrique en France_, Journal des Savants, 1891, 1892; G. Paris, _la Poésie française au XVe siècle_ (leçon d'ouverture), 1886; Sainte-Beuve, _Tableau historique et critique de la poésie au XVIe siècle_; F. Brunetière, _l'Évolution des genres_, vol. i, 1890; Villemain, _Tableau de la littérature française au XVIIIe siècle, passim_; Th. Gautier, _Étude sur les progrès de la poésie depuis 1830_ (in _Histoire du romantisme_); C. Mendès, _Légende du Parnasse contemporain_, 1884; F. Brunetière, _Évolution de la poésie lyrique au XIXe siècle_, 2 vols., 1894; J. Tellier, _Nos poètes_, 1888. VERSIFICATION. The rules of French versification have not always been the same. The classical movement of the seventeenth century in its reforms proscribed certain things, like hiatus, overflow lines, mute _e_ before the caesura, which had been current hitherto, and the Romanticists of this century have endeavored to give greater diversity and flexibility to verse-structure both by restoring some of these liberties and by introducing new ones. Especially have great innovations been advocated in the last few years by the youngest school of poets, but they have as yet found no general acceptance. The unit of French versification is not a fixed number of long and short, or accented and unaccented, syllables in a certain definite arrangement, that is, a foot, but a line. A line is a certain number of syllables ending in a rhyme which binds it to one or more other lines. The lines found in lyric verse vary in length from one to thirteen syllables; but lines with an even number of syllables are much more used than those with an odd number. In determining the number of syllables the general rules of syllabic division are followed, and each vowel or diphthong involves a syllable. But the following points are to be noted: 1. Mute _e_ final or followed by _s_ or _nt_ is not counted at the end of the line.