As to the personal appearance of “the raw material,” here is a picture drawn from life by Oliver: “The style of the Tribesman is a little after the manner of Rob Roy—‘my foot is on my native heath,’ and ‘am I not a Pathan’? Even when he leaves his native heath behind, he takes his manners with him. He will come down, a stalwart, manly-looking ruffian, with frank and open manners, rather Jewish features, long hair plentifully oiled under a high turban, with a loose tunic, blue for choice—the better to hide the dirt—worn very long, baggy drawers, a _lungi_ or sash across his shoulders, grass sandals, a sheepskin coat with the hair inside, thickly populated, a long heavy knife, and a rifle, if he is allowed to carry either. He is certain to be filthy and he may be ragged, but he will saunter into a Viceregal _durbar_ as proud as Lucifer, and with an air of unconcern a diplomatist might envy.” [Sidenote: Leaders] The Pathan tribes are partly agriculturists and partly nomads, but their migrations are on a small and restricted scale, being no more than annual moves within their own limits from one grazing ground to another, or from their homes among the hills to the warmer and lower valleys. Beyond and upon our frontier the Pathans live in fortified villages, to which are attached stone towers in commanding positions serving as watch towers and places of refuge for the inhabitants. A large number of the men of each tribe obtain their livelihood as petty merchants or traders, carrying goods in caravans between India, Afghanistan and Central Asia. These wandering traders are called _Powindahs_, a term derived from the Persian word _Parwindah_, which signifies a bale of goods. The villages are divided into several distinct allotments of sub-divisions called _Kandis_, according to the number of the sub-divisions of the tribe residing in it. Thus in each village each group of families which goes to form a _Khel_, or clan, has its own Kandi, at the head of which is a _Malik_, who acts as its judge, manager or administrator. In each Kandi, again, there is a _Jumaat_, or mosque, under a _Mullah_, or priest, and an assembly room, called _hujra_, where the residents meet to discuss their affairs, and where visitors and travellers are sheltered. At the head of each clan is a chief styled _Khan_, to whom the _Maliks_ are subordinate, but the tribesmen being intensely independent and impatient of control, it is not surprising that neither Maliks nor Khans enjoy any real power. They may be said indeed to possess influence rather than power. All matters of general tribal interest are settled by the decision of a _jirgah_ or council of Maliks and in this the real controlling authority resides, the Khan, or tribal chief, merely acting as president of the tribal jirgah, as their leader in time of war, and during peace as their accredited agent for inter-tribal communication. But among the Pathans there can be very little like ordered government,