[Illustration: (cover)] [Illustration: EASTERN UNITED STATES] FROM TRAIL TO RAILWAY THROUGH THE APPALACHIANS BY ALBERT PERRY BRIGHAM, A.M. PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN COLGATE UNIVERSITY AUTHOR OF “GEOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES IN AMERICAN HISTORY” GINN AND COMPANY BOSTON · NEW YORK · CHICAGO · LONDON ATLANTA · DALLAS · COLUMBUS · SAN FRANCISCO COPYRIGHT, 1907, BY ALBERT PERRY BRIGHAM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 621.1 The Athenæum Press GINN AND COMPANY · PROPRIETORS · BOSTON · U.S.A. PREFACE This book grows out of the conviction that geography in the schools must return somewhat to human interests. In saying this the author will scarcely need to defend himself against the charge of undervaluing physiography. It is only a question of wise adaptation to youthful students. Elementary history also needs to be placed in its setting of physical conditions. It is here attempted to promote both these objects in the study of the eastern United States. If geography and history can be well correlated, both of these great themes may be taught with economy of time and with stronger interest. Much more might be said concerning the growth of centers, the agriculture, and the commerce, but the limits of space are rigid. Hence roads and westward movements have been made the main topic. The geography is not taught formally, but is woven in with the story. Care has been given to the maps of the several regions, that they should clearly express the essentials and avoid the vagueness of many small-scale representations of the Appalachian belt. A. P. B. COLGATE UNIVERSITY October, 1906 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. BOSTON AND THE BERKSHIRES 1 II. PIONEERS OF THE MOHAWK AND THE HUDSON 14 III. ORISKANY, A BATTLE OF THE REVOLUTION 29 IV. THE ERIE CANAL 40 V. THE NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILWAY 53 VI. OLD JOURNEYS FROM PHILADELPHIA TO THE WEST 63 VII. THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD 74 VIII. THE NATIONAL ROAD 86 IX. THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD 98 X. CITIES OF THE OHIO VALLEY 111 XI. THE GREAT VALLEY 129