General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 1 (of 3)Bichat, Xavier
Science
General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 1 (of 3)
Bichat, Xavier
Human anatomy; Human physiology
I now pass to some other considerations relative to the influence of
the anatomy of systems in diseases.
Since every organized texture has every where the same arrangement;
since, whatever be its situation, it has the same structure and the
same properties, it is evident that its diseases must be every where
the same. It makes no difference, that the serous texture is connected
with the brain by the tunica arachnoides, with the lungs by the pleura,
with the heart by the pericardium, with the gastric viscera by the
peritoneum, &c. every where it is inflamed in the same manner; every
where dropsies take place in the same way; every where it is subject to
a species of eruption of little whitish tubercles, like the miliary, of
which I believe there has been no description, but which deserves great
attention; I have already many times observed this peculiar eruption
of the serous texture, which is generally of a chronic character,
like most of the cutaneous eruptions; I shall speak of it hereafter.
Whatever may be the organ that the mucous texture invests, its
affections have in general the same character, excepting the difference
only that arises from variety of structure. I will say the same of the
fibrous, cartilaginous textures, &c. Mr. Pinel appears to me to have
done much for the art, in being the first who arranged inflammations in
the order of the systems, and embracing in one general view all those
of the same system, whatever may be the organs in which it is found.
There are always two orders of symptoms in inflammations; 1st. those
that belong to the nature of the diseased textures; 2d. those which
depend upon the affected organ, in which the inflammation exists. For
example, the kind of pain, the nature of the accompanying fever, the
duration, the termination, &c. are almost always the same, whatever
serous surface is affected. But difficulty of breathing, dry cough, &c.
prove it to be the pleura; diarrhœa, constipation, vomiting, &c. that
it is the peritoneum; injury of the intellectual functions, that it is
the tunica arachnoides; irregular pulse, that it is the pericardium,
&c. The first belong to the whole class, the second set of symptoms is
confined exclusively to this or that particular sort; now the second
are, if we may so say, accessory, depending upon the proximity of the
affected texture with some other texture. The first are particularly
important.
Medicine has yet much to do, in its researches upon the inflammation
of the different textures. We are well acquainted with that of the
cellular, the cutaneous, the serous, and the mucous; but that of
the others is very obscure. It is yet to be ascertained, which is
attacked, the fibrous or muscular, in rheumatism. I am inclined to
think that it is the first. Almost every thing remains to be known in
the cartilaginous, the synovial, the arterial, the venous, &c. as it
respects their inflammatory phenomena.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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