General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 1 (of 3)Bichat, Xavier
Science
General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 1 (of 3)
Bichat, Xavier
Human anatomy; Human physiology
From what has just been said of the general systems of the economy,
it is easy to perceive that they perform the most important part of
nutrition. They form the nutritive parenchyma of each organ; now I call
the nutritive parenchyma, the cellular, vascular and nervous outline
of that organ. It is in this outline that the nutritive matter is
deposited. This matter being different for each organ, establishes a
difference between them. For the bones, it is phosphate of lime and
gelatine; it is gelatine alone for the cartilages, tendons, &c.; fibrin
for the muscles, albumen for certain other organs; so that if the
nutritive parenchyma of a bone was filled with fibrin, it would be a
muscle in the form of a bone, and vice versa, a muscle would become a
bone with a muscular form, if its parenchyma was filled up with earthy
and gelatinous substances. We should know the nature of all the living
parts, if their nutritive substances were known to us; but the most
of them are unknown, it is chemistry that must enlighten us upon this
subject. All the organs resemble each other in their parenchyma, or at
least have a great analogy. If it were possible to remove, from all
the nutritive matter and leave this parenchyma untouched, we should
see only among them, varieties of form, of size, of deposition of
cellular layers, of vascular or nervous branches, but not of nature and
composition.
In the first period after conception, the mucous mass that represents
the fœtus, appears to be only a compound of the general systems.
Each organ has as yet only its nutritive parenchyma, the parenchyma
upon which nature has imprinted the form of the organ, that is to
be developed there. In proportion as this outline is increased, the
nutritive substances penetrate it, and then each organ, which until
that time had been like the rest in its nature, and forming with them a
homogeneous mass, begins to be distinct, and have a separate existence;
each one draws from the blood the substance that is proper for it. This
addition gives the attributes of thickness, of density, and of nature;
but the increase of parenchyma, the augmentation of its dimensions are
always antecedent to this. Whilst all inorganic bodies increase by the
addition of particles, there is here at first an expansive force, from
which length and breadth arise, afterwards substances are exhaled into
the parenchyma, which lengthen and widen it.
By what mechanism is it, that each organ draws the materials of its
nutrition from the blood, the common source? This depends entirely upon
the organic sensibility peculiar to each, which places it in relation
to this or that substance and not to another, and which makes it
appropriate it to itself, is penetrated by it, and suffers it to enter
its vessels on all sides while it draws back and contracts, to prevent
what is foreign to it, from being introduced into its texture.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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