General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 2 (of 3)Bichat, Xavier
Science
General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 2 (of 3)
Bichat, Xavier
Human anatomy; Human physiology
As the capillaries, which serve for the origin and termination of the
black abdominal blood, are intermixed on both sides with those of the
general capillary system, since in the abdomen they are continued with
the arteries and in the liver give origin to the veins, I shall omit
them in these remarks, and attend only to the general and pulmonary
capillary systems.
These two capillary systems, the first especially, deserve the more
particular consideration, 1st, because the circulation is governed
in it by laws wholly different from those of the other parts; 2d,
because most of the important functions of life take place there, as
secretions, nutrition, exhalations, &c.; 3d, because their small tubes
are affected on many occasions by diseases, as they are the seat of
inflammations, metastases, &c.; 4th, because animal heat is especially
produced in these tubes, &c.
The lowest species of animals have in reality only a capillary
circulation. Their fluids do not move in great masses, in canals which
carry them to all parts of the body, and afterwards bring them back
again. There is only an insensible oscillation of these fluids, in
tubes of the greatest delicacy and number. This kind of circulation is
one of the points of contact, or rather of transition from animals to
vegetables, which, destitute of the circulation with a sensible motion,
have evidently like the zoophytes, that of an insensible motion and of
the capillary vessels.
I shall first examine the general capillary system, and afterwards the
pulmonary.
ARTICLE FIRST.
OF THE GENERAL CAPILLARY SYSTEM.
This system exists in all the organs; all are in fact composed of an
infinity of capillaries, which cross, unite, separate and unite again,
by communicating in a thousand ways with each other. The vessels of
any considerable size, those among the arteries, in which the blood
circulates by the influence of the heart, and those among the veins,
which correspond to the first, have really no connexion with the
structure of the organs; they wind along their interstices; and are
lodged in the cellular texture that separates their lobes; but the
capillaries alone essentially make part of these organs, they are so
combined with them; that they truly enter into the composition of
their texture. It is in this view, that we may with truth consider the
animal body as an assemblage of vessels.
From this first view, it is evident that the extent of the general
capillary system is immense, that it embraces all the smallest
divisions of our bodies, so that we can hardly conceive of any organic
particles united without capillaries. It follows hence, that this
system is not only an intermediate one between the arteries and the
veins. It is from it, that all the exhalants, all the excretories,
&c. go. It furnishes all the vessels that carry nutritive matter to
our organs; we ought to describe it then as existing in parts where
arteries do not penetrate, as well as in those where they do.
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