General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)Bichat, Xavier
Science
General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)
Bichat, Xavier
Human anatomy; Human physiology
Though the first and second species of glands have no reservoir, yet
the different ramifications of their excretories may to a certain
extent be considered as such. In fact, these ramifications, as well as
those of the excretories of the glands with a reservoir, are constantly
full of the fluid which is secreted in these organs. Whatever may have
been the kind of death, the fluid of the prostate may be always made
to ooze out, by compressing the gland; I have often even by pressure
produced a very evident jet. The papillæ of the kidney also uniformly
give out urine when pressed. The liver cut in slices allows natural
bile to escape from the divisions of the hepatic duct. The semen is
uniformly found in the windings of the vas deferens. The lactiferous
vessels keep the milk in their cavity, till it is evacuated, and it has
even no other reservoir. The greater or less size of the mammæ during
lactation is owing to the greater or less fulness of these vessels. It
is also to this circumstance that must be referred the peculiar taste
of each glandular texture, which always borrows some sapid particles
from the fluid it secretes. We know that the kidney has always an
urinous odour, especially in old animals. It is to this also that I
refer the difference of putrefaction which I have observed between
this organ and the liver. We know that the bile undergoes putrid
fermentation sooner than the urine; this, when it is very acid, can
even preserve it to a certain extent from putrefaction; expose then
the liver and the kidney to it, the latter will almost always be the
last to become putrid, as I have said.
It appears in general that the course of the fluids in the excretories
is much less rapid than that of the blood in the veins and even than
that of the lymph in the absorbents; the following considerations place
this beyond a doubt. The urine flows continually by the ureters, as is
evidently proved by fistulas in the loins; now, in the time taken to
fill the bladder by this uninterrupted flowing, there would flow from a
vein of a diameter equal to that of the ureter ten times as much blood,
and much more lymph from the thoracic duct. Yet this rapidity of motion
is subject to many varieties; during the period of inactivity of the
glands, it is not half as great as during their activity; the salivary
fistulas are a proof of this. We know how promptly the ureters transmit
the urine from the drinks that are taken.
_Size, Direction and Termination of the Excretories._
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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