General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)Bichat, Xavier
Science
General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and Medicine, Vol. 3 (of 3)
Bichat, Xavier
Human anatomy; Human physiology
I have observed that after remaining in the dissecting room some time,
the intestinal flatus frequently acquires an odour exactly similar to
that which the bodies in putrefaction exhale. In the following way
I convinced myself that it was the skin as much as the lungs that
absorbed these odorous particles. I closed my nostrils, and fitted
a long tunnel to my mouth, which passing out of the window allowed
me to breathe the external air. The flatus from my bowels, after I
had remained an hour in a small dissecting room, at the side of two
very fetid bodies, acquired an odour nearly similar to theirs. I have
observed also that by touching for a long time fetid substances, the
flatus acquires more of this odour, than by remaining only in an air
loaded with cadaverous exhalations. Then the absorbents carry at first
these exhalations to the blood, which afterwards throws them out by the
mucous surface of the intestines. Thus when the urine is absorbed, the
saliva, the mucous juices, &c. have an urinous odour.
I could accumulate many other proofs of cutaneous absorption; but I
have selected only the principal. Many others have been cited; Haller
in particular, to whom I refer, has multiplied examples of it.
I would remark however that cutaneous absorptions have a character
of remarkable irregularity; that under the same apparent influence,
they sometimes take place and sometimes do not. It is thus that most
often we absorb nothing in a bath, that we escape or take contagions,
that the vaccine disease is or is not communicated, that the variolous
inoculation is also often uncertain, &c. This is not astonishing. It
requires a certain degree of sensibility in the skin for the absorption
of this or that substance; above or below this degree, the absorbents
repel this substance. Thus in the intestinal canal, if you raise by a
purgative, the ordinary degree of sensibility of the lacteals, they
cease immediately for a time to take up drinks, chyle, &c. and every
thing passes off by the anus. Now a thousand causes act incessantly
upon the skin; a thousand irritants by turns applied to it make the
degree of its organic sensibility vary every instant, increase,
diminish and remove it from that which is necessary for absorption.
Is it astonishing then that this function should exhibit so many
varieties? Many modern philosophers have produced numerous negative
facts against cutaneous absorption. What do these facts prove? only
the varieties of sensibility which I have noticed; but they do not
destroy the mass of positive facts, generally acknowledged and which
together form a body of proof which nothing can oppose. Thus we have
seen the mucous surfaces variable in their vital forces on account
of the variety of their excitants, vary also in their absorption.
If in the serous membranes, in the cellular texture, in the work of
nutrition for the organs, this function is uniform, it is because being
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