1. In order to better understand the problems facing this Department, you will familiarise yourself with the enclosed material. 2. This material is confidential, and is not to be allowed to fall into unauthorised hands. By order of the Commanding General SECOND ENCLOSURE The purpose of this project is to determine, with as great a degree of precision as possible, the range of artillery used by His Majesty's Armed Forces, and the methods of accurately firing upon targets at various distances from the cannon. After a great deal of research, the following factors have been found to affect the distance which a cannon ball may be hurled by exploding gunpowder: 1. Weight of the cannon ball. 2. Weight of powder used. 3. Angle of elevation of cannon. 4. Length of cannon barrel. The first two factors are obvious; the heavier the cannon ball, the more powder it will take to blow it a certain distance, and contrariwise. The third is somewhat unwieldy to work with and definitely problematical in its effects. Up to a certain point, increasing the angle seems to increase the range, but after that point is reached, an increase in elevation decreases the range of the weapon. In view of this, it has been decided that all cannon will be fixed at the best angle for maximum range and the other factors varied to change the actual distance the cannon ball is fired. (Here it may be noted, incidentally, that the angle of elevation is of no use in the Royal Navy, since that angle is indeterminate, due to the roll of the ship.) The fourth factor, too, may be discarded, since a barrel of too great a length would make it unwieldy on the battlefield, although those of fixed fortresses could be somewhat greater. And, in view of the fact that changing the length of a cannon barrel on the field is out of the question, we may safely say that the fourth factor is a fixed quantity in each cannon and thus ignore it. It has, therefore, been decided to test each of the various types of cannon presently in use by Army Artillery and publish for each a range table for various cannon balls and charges of powder, and to furnish a copy of such table to the battery leader of each field piece. This programme, as may well be imagined, has required a great deal of cannon testing in the past year, and will undoubtedly require a great deal more before the project is finished. We hope, however, that it will be of at least limited use in the very near future, and will eventually greatly advance the science of cannon-firing. * * * * * 2 January 1667 My dear Isaac, Your Christmas was, I trust, a pleasant one? I hope your mother is in good health, and I hope your own is improved.