Anc. (ancient). Ar. (Arabic). A. S. (Anglo-Saxon). Bret. or Brez. (Brezric). Cel. (Celtic). Conf. (confluence). Cym.-Cel. (Cymro-Celtic, including Welsh). Dan. (Danish). Dut. (Dutch). Fr. (French). Gadhelic (including Gaelic, Irish, and Manx). Gael. (Gaelic). Ger. (German). Grk. (Greek). Heb. (Hebrew). Hung. (Hungarian). Ind. (Indian). It. (Italian). Lat. (Latin). Mt. (mountain). Par. (parish). Pers. (Persian). Phœn. (Phœnician). P. N. (personal name). Port. (Portuguese). R. (river). Sansc. (Sanscrit). Scand. (Scandinavian). Sclav. (Sclavonic). Span. (Spanish). Teut. (Teutonic). Turc. (Turkish). A DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES A [Sidenote: A (Old Norse),] a possession;[2] _e.g._ Craika, Torfa, Ulpha; A (Scand.) also means an island--_v._ EA, p. 71. [Sidenote: AA, A (Scand.),] a stream; from Old Norse _â_, Goth. _aha_, Old Ger. _aha_ (water). The word, in various forms, occurs frequently in river names throughout Western Europe, especially in Germany and the Netherlands, and often takes the form of _au_ or _ach_; _e.g._ the rivers Aa, Ach, Aach; Saltach (salt river); Wertach (a river with many islands)--_v._ WARID, etc.; Trupach (troubled stream); Weser, _i.e._ _Wesar-aha_ (western stream); Lauter, _i.e._ _Hlauter-aha_ (clear stream); Danube or Donau, _i.e._ _Tuon-aha_ (thundering stream); Main, _i.e._ _Magin-aha_ (great stream); Fisch-aha (fish stream); Schwarza (black stream); Zwiesel-au (the stream of the whirlpool); Erlach (alder-tree stream); Gron-aha (green stream); Dachau (the clayey stream); Fulda, _i.e._ _Fold-aha_ (land stream); Rod-aha (reedy stream); Saale and Saala from _salz_ (salt stream). The simple _a_ or _o_, with a prefix expressive of the character of the stream, is the most frequent form of the word in Iceland and Scandinavia, and in the districts of Great Britain colonised by Norsemen or Danes; _e.g._ Laxa (salmon river); Hvita (white river); Brora (bridge river); Rotha (red river); Greta (weeping river); Storaa (great river); Thurso (Thor’s river), which gives its name to the town; Lossie, anc. _Laxi-a_ (salmon river). [Sidenote: AB (Sansc.), AW (Pers.),]