a frequent element in river names, with various and even opposite meanings. Some of the river names may have come from the Sansc. _ara_ (swift, or the flowing), and in Tamil _aar_ means simply a river. There is another Sanscrit word _arb_ (to ravage or destroy), with which the Gadhelic words _garw_, _garbh_ (rough) may be connected; and, on the other hand, there is the Welsh _araf_ (gentle). According to the locality and the characteristics of the stream, one must judge to which of these roots its name may belong. There are, in England, the Aire, Arre, Arro, Arrow; in France, the Arve, Erve, Arveiron, etc.; in Switzerland and Germany, the Aar, Are; in Spain and Italy, the Arva, Arno; and in Scotland, the Ayr, Aray, Irvine, etc. Many of these names may signify simply flowing water (the river), while others beginning with the syllable _ar_ may be referred to the adjectival forms, _araf_, _arb_, _ara_, or _garbh_, followed by another root-word for _water_, as in Arrow (the swift stream); Yarrow (the rough stream); _ow_ (water); Arveiron (the furious stream); _avon_ (water); Arar (the gentle stream), now the Saone. [Sidenote: ARD, AIRD (Gadhelic),] a height, or, as an adjective, high; _e.g._ the Aird (the height) on the south coast of the island of Lewis, also in Inverness-shire; Aird Point in the island of Skye; Aird-dhu (the black height), a hill in Inverness-shire; the Airds (high lands in Argyleshire); Airdrie, Gael. _Aird_-righ (the king’s height), or, perhaps, _Aird-reidh_ (the smooth height); Aird’s Moss (a muirland tract in Ayrshire); Ardbane (white height); Ardoch (high field); Ardclach (high stony ground); Ardach and Ardaghy (high field); Ardmore (great height); Ardeen and Arden (the little height); Ardglass (green height); Ardfert (the height of the grave or ditch, Irish _fert_); Ardrishaig (the height full of briers, _driseach_); Ardnamurchan (the height of the great headland, _ceann_, or of the great ocean, _cuan_); Ardgower (goat’s height); Ardtornish (the height of the cascade, _cas_ and _torr_); Ardross (high point); Ardrossan (little high point); Ardchattan (St. Cathan’s height); Ardersier, Gael. _Ard-ros-siar_ (the high western height); Ardlui (the height of the fawn, _laoidh_); Ardentinny (of the fire, _teine_); Ardboe (of the cow); Ardbraccan (of St. Brachan); Ardfinan (St. Finan’s height); Armagh, in Ireland, anc. _Ardmacha_ (the height of Macha, the wife of one of the early Irish colonists); Arroquhar, in Dumbarton, _i.e._ Ardthir (the high land); Ardmeanach (the mossy height or the black isle); Ardgask (the hero’s height, Gael. _gaisgeach_, a hero); Ardnacrushy (of the cross); Ardtrea (St. Trea’s height); Ardnarea, _i.e._ _Ard-na-riaghadh_ (the height of the executions, with reference to a dark tale of treachery and murder); Ardgay (windy height); Ardblair (high field); Ardwick (high town, a suburb of Manchester). The Lat. root _arduus_ (high) is found in Ardea, in Italy; the Ardes (or