heights), in Auvergne; Auvergne itself has been traced to _Ar-fearann_ (high lands), but Cocheris, _Au Noms de Lieu_, gives its ancient name as _Alverniacus_ (_i.e._ the domain of the _Auvergni_). Ardennes, Forest of (high-wooded valleys); Ardwick-le-street (the high town on the great Roman road), _stratum_. _Ard_, _art_, and _artha_ are also Persian prefixes attached to the names of places and persons; _e.g._ Ardboodha (the high place of Buddha); Aravalli (the hill of strength); and such personal names as Artaxerxes, Artabanes, Artamenes. In some cases it may refer to the agricultural habits of the Indo-Germanic races (Lat. _aro_, Grk. αροω, Goth. _arjan_, Old High Ger. _aran_, Cel. _ar_ (to plough), hence the Aryan tribes are those belonging to the dominant race--the aristocracy of landowners, as distinguished from the subject races--_v._ Taylor’s _Names of Places_. [Sidenote: ARN, ERN (Teut.), ARNE, ARA (Lat.), a home, AREA, _bas_ (Lat.), AIRE (Fr.), AROS (Cel.),] a place, farm, dwelling; _e.g._ Heddern (hiding-place); Beddern (sleeping-place); Suthern (south place); Arne, a town in Yorkshire; Chiltern (chalk place); Whithorn, in Wigton, A.S. _Whitern_, Lat. _Candida-casa_ (white house); Asperne (the place of poplar-trees); Femern (of cattle); Domern (of judgment); Thalern (valley dwelling); Mauthern (toll place); Bevern and Bevergern (the dwelling on the R. Bever); Aire, Lat. _Area-Atrebatum_ (the dwelling of the Atrebates), on the Adour, in France; also Aire, on the Lys; Les Aires (the farms); Airon, etc., in France, Bavaria, Ger. _Baiern_ (the dwelling of the Boii); Aros, Gael. (the dwelling), in Mull; Arosaig (corner dwelling), Argyle. [Sidenote: ARN (Old Ger.), ARI (Norse), ERYR (Welsh),] an eagle. This word is used in topography either with reference to the bird itself, or to a personal name derived from it; _e.g._ Arnfels (eagle’s rock); Arnberg, Arnstein, Arlberg (eagle mountain or rock); Arisdale (eagle valley, or the valley of a person called Arix); Arnau (eagle meadow); Arnecke (eagle corner); Arendal (eagle valley); Arenoe (eagle island); Eryri (the eagle mountain), the Welsh name for Snowdon. [Sidenote: ARX (Lat.),] a fortress; _e.g._ Arcé, anc. _Arx_, a town in Italy with a hill fortress called _Rocca d’Arcé_ (the rock of the fortress); Arcis sur Aube (the fortress on the R. Aube), in France; Arcole and Arcola, in Lombardy and Sardinia; Saar-Louis, anc. _Arx-Ludovici-Sarum_ (the fortress of Louis on the Saar), founded by Louis XIV., 1680; Arx-fontana or Fuentes (the fortress of the fountain), in Spain; Monaco, anc. _Arx-Monæci_ (the fortress of the Monæci), on the Gulf of Genoa; Thours, anc. _Tuedæ-Arx_ (the fortress on the R. Thouet), in France. [Sidenote: AS, or AAS (Scand.),] a hill ridge; _e.g._ Astadr (ridge dwelling); As and Aas, the names of several towns in Sweden and Norway; Aswick, Aastrap, Aasthorp (the village or farm on the ridge) in Shetland. [Sidenote: ASTA (Basque),]