the summit, or, as an adjective, upper; _e.g._ Auchtertyre, anc. _Auchterardower_ (the summit on the water); Auchterarder (the upper high land); Auchterblair (upper field); Auchtercairn (upper rock); Auchtermuchty (the upper dwelling, _tigh_, of the wild boar, _muc_); Auchterau (the upper water); Auchtertool (the upper land on the R. Tiel), in Fife; Auchterless (the upper side, _slios_). In Ireland this word takes the form of _Oughter_; _e.g._ Oughterard (upper height); Oughter-lough (upper lake, in reference to Loch Erne); Balloughter (upper town); Lissoughter (upper fort); Killoughter (upper church). The Irish adjective _uachdar_ is not unfrequently Anglicised _water_, as in Clowater in Carlow, _i.e._ _Cloch-uachdar_ (upper stone or castle); Watree, in Kilkenny, _i.e._ _Uachdaraighe_ (upper lands)--_v._ Joyce’s _Irish Names of Places_. [Sidenote: AVON, AFON (Cym.-Cel.), ABHAIN, ABHUINNE (Gael.), AMNIS (Lat. Sansc. _ap._),] water, a river; _e.g._ the Avon, Aven, Aune, Auney, Inney, Ewenny, Aney, Eveny, river names in England, Wales, and Ireland; Avengorm (red river); Aven-banna (white river); Avenbui (yellow river); Avonmore (great river), in Ireland; the Seine, anc. _Seimh-au_ (smooth river); the Mayenne or Meduana (probably the middle river, from Cel. _meadhou_). In France there are from this root--the Ain, Avenne, Vilaine, Vienne; the Abona, in Spain. In Scotland: the Almond or _Awmon_; Devon (deep river); Doon (dark river); Kelvin (woody river); Annan (quiet river); the Leith, Leithen, Lethen (the broad or the gray river); the Don, in Scotland and England (dark or brown river); Irvine and Earn (the west-flowing river); Anwoth, in Kirkcudbright, _i.e._ Avonwath (the course of the river); the Spey, _speach-abhain_ (swift river); the Allan (beauteous river, _aluinn_); the Boyne, anc. _Bouoninda_ (perhaps yellow river, _buidhe_). Many towns derive their names from their rivers, or from their vicinity to water: thus, Avignon and Verona (on the water); Amiens, the cap. of the _Ambiani_ (dwellers on the water, _i.e._ of the Samara or Somme). Teramo, anc. _Interamnia_ (between the rivers), and Terni, with the same meaning; Avenay, anc. _Avenacum_ (on the river); Avesnes, celebrated for its mineral springs. But such names as Avenay, Avennes, etc., may have been derived in many cases from Lat. _avena_, Fr. _avoine_ (oats)--_v._ Cocheris’s _Noms de Lieu_. B [Sidenote: BAAL,] a prefix in Phœnician names, derived from the worship of the sun-god among that people; _e.g._ Baalath and Kirjath-Baal (the city of Baal); Baal-hazor (Baal’s village); BaalHermon (near Mount Hermon); Baal-Judah, etc., in Palestine. Sometimes, however, the word is used as synonymous with _beth_ (a dwelling), as Baal-tamar and Baal-Meon (for Bethtamar and Beth Meon). But Baal-Perazim, we are told, means the _place of breaches_, and has no reference to the sun-god, Baalbec (the city of the sun), in Syria. [Sidenote: BAB (Ar.),]