a rock; _e.g._ Astorga, in Spain, Lat. _Asturica-Augusta_ (the great city on the rocky water, _ura_); Astiapa and Estepa (the dwelling at the foot of the rock), in Spain; Astulez and Astobeza, also in Spain; Asti, a district in Sardinia which was peopled by Iberians or Basques; Astura (the rocky river); Asturias (the country of the dwellers by that river); Ecija, in Spain, anc. _Astigi_ (on the rock); Estepa and Estepona (rocky ground). [Sidenote: ATH, AGH (Gadhelic), AUGH,] a ford. This root-word is more common in Ireland than in Scotland, and is cognate with the Lat. _vadum_, and the A.S. _wath_ or _wade_; _e.g._ Athy, _i.e._ _Ath-Ae_ (the ford of Ae, a Munster chief who was slain at the spot); Athmore (great ford); Athdare (the ford of oaks); Athenry (the king’s ford); Athlone, _i.e._ _Ath Luaen_ (the ford of St. Luan); Athleague (stony ford); Athane (little ford); Aghanloo (Lewy’s little ford); the town of Trim is in Irish _Athtruim_ (the ford of the elder trees); Agolagh, _i.e._ _Athgoblach_ (the forked ford); Aboyne (the ford of the river), on the Dee in Aberdeenshire; Athgoe, _i.e._ _Ath-goibhne_ (the ford of the smiths), in Dublin. [Sidenote: ATHEL (A.S.), ADEL (Ger.), ADELIG (Gothic),] noble, or the nobles; _e.g._ Adelsdorf, Adelsheim, Adelshofen, Attelbury (the nobles’ dwelling); Athelney (the island of the nobles), in Somersetshire, formerly insulated by the rivers Tone and Parret; Addelsfors (the nobles’ waterfall); Adelsberg (the nobles’ hill); Adelsclag (the nobles’ wood-clearing); Adelsoe (the nobles’ island); Adelmanns-felden (the nobleman’s field). [Sidenote: AU, AUE (Ger.), AUGIA (Lat.),] a meadow, formed from _aha_ (water), and frequently annexed to the name of a river; _e.g._ Aarau, Ilmenau, Rheinau, Wetterau, Oppenau, Muhrau (the meadow of the _Aar_, _Ilmen_, _Rhine_, _Wetter_, _Oppa_, _Muhr_); Frankenau (the Franks’ meadow); Lichtenau (the meadow of light); Reichenau (rich meadow); Schoenau (beautiful meadow); Greenau (green); Langenau (long); Weidenau (pasture-meadow); Rosenau (the meadow of roses); Lindau (of lime-trees); Herisau, Lat. _Augia-dominus_ (the Lord’s meadow); Eu, anc. _Augia_ (the meadow), in Normandy; Hanau (the enclosed meadow); Nassau (the moist meadow); Iglau (the meadow of the R. Igla, in Moravia); Troppau, in Silesia (the meadow of the R. Oppa). [Sidenote: AUCHTER or OCHTER (Gadhelic), UCHDER (Welsh),]