an enclosed place, either for plants or cattle, then a farm. It is sometimes found in the form of _gort_ in Ireland and Scotland; _e.g._ Garton (the enclosure or enclosed town); Applegarth (the apple enclosure or farm); Hogarth (an enclosure for hay); Weingarten (an enclosure for vines, or a vineyard); Stuttgart and Hestingaard (an enclosure for horses); Nornigard (the sibyl’s dwelling, _norn_, a prophetess); Fishgarth or Fishguard (the fisher’s farm), in Wales; Noostigard (the farm at the _naust_ or ship station); in Shetland; Smiorgard (butter farm); Prestgard (the priest’s farm); Yardley (the enclosed meadow); Yardborough (the enclosed town); Gartan (little field); Gordon, a parish in Berwickshire, corrupt. from _Goirtean_ (little farm); Gartbane and Gortban (fair field); Gartfarran (the farm at the fountain, _fuaran_); Gartbreck (spotted field); Gortnagclock (the field of the stones); Gortreagh (gray field); Gortenure (the field of the yew-tree); Oulart, in Ireland, corrupt. from _Abhalghort_ (apple-field or orchard); Bugard (an enclosure for cattle), in Shetland; Olligard (the farm or dwelling of Olaf), in Shetland; Girthon, corrupt. from _Girthavon_ (the enclosure on the river), in Kirkcudbright). On the other hand, _Garda_ or _Warda_ in French names signified originally a fortified or protected place, from an old Teutonic word _warta_; hence Gardere, Gardière, La Garderie, La Garde, La Warde, etc. [Sidenote: GAT (Scand.), GAEAT (A.S.), GHAT (Sansc.),] an opening or passage; _e.g._ the Cattegat (the cat’s throat or passage); Margate (the sea-gate or passage), anc. _Meregate_, there having been formerly a _mere_ or lake here which had its influx into the sea; Ramsgate (the passage of _Ruim_, the ancient name of Thanet); Reigate, contraction from _Ridgegate_ (the passage through the ridge); Yetholm (the valley at the passage or border between England and Scotland, _yet_, Scot. a gate); Harrowgate, probably the passage of the army, A.S. _here_, as it is situated near one of the great Roman roads; Crossgates, a village in Fife (at the road crossings); Ludgate did not derive its name from a certain King _Lud_, according to popular tradition, but is an instance of tautology, there having been an ancient A.S. word _hlid_ (a door), hence _Geathlid_ (a postern gate)--_v._ BOSWORTH. In India the word _ghat_ is applied to a pass between hills or mountains, as in the Ghauts (the two converging mountain ranges); Sheergotta (the lion’s pass), between Calcutta and Benares; and Geragaut (the horse’s pass), or to a passage across a river, as well as to the flights of steps leading from a river to the buildings on its banks. Thus Calcutta is _Kalikuti_ (the ghauts or passes leading to the temple of the goddess Kali), on the R. Hoogly; also Calicut, on the Malabar coast. [Sidenote: GAU, GOVIA (Ger.),]