+Structural Features of Sedimentary Rocks+ 486 Stratification, 486. Lateral graduation, 488. Special markings, 489. Concretionary structure, 490. Secretions, 497. +Structural Features of Igneous Rocks+ 498 +Structural Features Arising From Disturbance+ 500 Inclination and folding of strata, 500. Joints, 510. Sandstone dikes, 514. Faults, 514. The significance of faults, 521. Effect of faulting on outcrops, 522. CHAPTER IX. THE MOVEMENTS AND DEFORMATIONS OF THE EARTH’S BODY (DIASTROPHISM). +Minute and Rapid Movements+ 526 _Earthquakes_ 527 Points of origin, foci, 527. The amplitude of the vibrations, 529. Destructive effects, 530. Direction of throw, 531. Rate of propagation, 532. Sequences of vibrations, 533. Gaseous emanations, 533. Distribution of earthquakes, 533. _The Geologic Effects of Earthquakes_ 534 Fracturing of rock, 534. Changes of surface, 534. Effects on drainage, 535. Effects on standing water, 535. Changes of level, 536. +Slow Massive Movements+ 537 Present movements, 538. Fundamental conceptions, 539. _Nearly Constant Small Movements_ 540 Reciprocal features, 541. _The Great Periodic Movements_ 542 Mountain-forming movements, 542. Distribution of folded ranges, 543. Plateau-forming movements, 543. Continent-forming movements, 544. Relations of these movements in time, 545. Relations of vertical to horizontal movements, 545. The squeezed segments, 546. The depressed or master segments, 546. The differential extent of crustal movements, 548. +The Causes of Movement+ 551 _General Considerations_ 551 1. _The centripetal agencies_ 552 Gravity, 552. Molecular and sub-molecular attractions, 554. Cohesion and crystallization, 554. Diffusion, 555. Chemical combination, 556. Sub-atomic forces 556. 2. _The resisting agencies_ 557 Heat, 557. All resistance perhaps due to motion, 558.