II. +Special Contributions of the Organic Kingdoms+ 652 _Contributions of the Plant Kingdom_ 652 Reference table of the principal groups of plants, 653. The contribution of the Thallophytes, 653. The contribution of the Bryophytes, 656. The contribution of the Pteridophytes, 657. The contribution of the Spermatophytes, 657. Plant life terrestrial rather than marine, 658. _Contributions of the Animal Kingdom_ 658 Reference table of the principal groups of animals, 659. The contribution of the Protozoa, 660. The contribution of the Cœlenterata, 661. The contribution of the Echinodermata, 661. The contribution of the Vermes, 662. The contribution of the Molluscoidea, 662. The contribution of the Mollusca, 662. The contribution of the Arthropoda, 662. The contribution of the Vertebrata, 663. III. +The Associations and Ecological Relations of Life+ 663 _The Basis of Floras and Faunas_ 663 _Assemblages Influenced by the Mutual Relations of Organisms_ 664 Food relations, 664. Adaptive relations, 665. Competitive relations, 665. Offensive and defensive relations, 665. Implied forms of life, 666. _Assemblages Influenced by Environment_ 666 Plant societies, 667. _The Influence of Geographic Conditions on the Evolution of Floras and Faunas_ 668 The development of provincial and cosmopolitan faunas, 668. Restrictive and expansional evolution, 672. PLATES. +plate+ +face page+ I. Bathymetrical Chart of the Oceans 10 II. Fig. 1. New Jersey. Fig. 2. Kansas. Fig. 3. Indiana. Fig. 4. Nebraska 39 III. Fig. 1. Kansas. Fig. 2. Nevada 72 IV. Fig. 1. Illinois. Fig. 2. North Dakota 73 V. Fig. 1. Kentucky. Fig. 2. Virginia 85 VI. Parts of Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties, California. 87 VII. Kansas 90 VIII. About 16 Miles Southwest of St. Louis, Mo. 91 IX. Niagara Falls 100 X. Fig. 1. Yellowstone Park. Fig. 2. Arizona 101 XI. Part of the Catskills, N. Y. 106 XII. Fig. 1. New Mexico. Fig. 2. Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland 107 XIII. Fig. 1. Colorado. Fig. 2. Kansas 162 XIV. Fig. 1. Pennsylvania. Fig. 2. California 163